Generated by All in One SEO Pro v5.0.0.1, this is an llms-full.txt file, used by LLMs to index the site. # Skylark Vets Exotic, avian and small animal vets ## Posts ### [Osteoarthritis in pets](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/03/03/osteoarthritis-in-pets/) **Published:** March 3, 2025 **Author:** admin **Excerpt:** Many pets are prone to osteoarthritis later on in life and it can often just be put down to 'old age' but there are lots of treatment options for it, so there is no need for your pet to struggle unnecessarily. **Content:** Like people, many pets are prone to osteoarthritis later on in life. Sometimes symptoms of osteoarthritis can appear so gradually that they go unnoticed or get dismissed as ‘old age’. Many pets do not complain even when they are in a lot of pain, so it is important as owners to be vigilant for all signs of discomfort. There are lots of treatment options for osteoarthritis, so there is no need for your pet to struggle unnecessarily. #### Signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis in pets - Stiffness - Lameness - Other changes in gait - Stumbling - Muscle wastage - Unwillingness to get up from laying or sitting position - Reluctance to walk on certain surfaces (particularly slippery floors) - Reluctance to play or run - Difficulty climbing stairs - Difficulty jumping onto furniture/higher surfaces - Struggling to use litter trays - Difficulty crouching to pass faeces (sometimes mistaken for constipation) - Inability to groom effectively (fur becomes matted more frequently) - Temperament changes- some pets may become ‘grumpier’ or less tolerant than usual - Pained expression on face - Vocalising, as if in pain (many pets will not do this, even in extreme pain) #### Diagnosis and treatment If you notice your pet displaying any of the above symptoms, you should book an appointment with us to have your pet assessed. The vet will perform a clinical examination and may be able to isolate the areas where your pet is in pain. Diagnosis is usually confirmed with x-rays. Osteoarthritis can’t be cured, but there are a number of different treatments which can help manage the pain and improve your pet’s quality of life. Treatment can include: - Pain-relief medications. These are usually anti-inflammatories; however other types of pain-relief can be used- such as opioid-based pain relief. Your vet will decide on the most appropriate medication based on your pet’s clinical history. Medication may need to be reviewed depending on how the patient responds and your pet may need to have regular blood tests to ensure that their kidneys and liver are not affected by long term medication. - Joint-supplements (e.g. glucosamine, chondroitin) these help to keep the joint fluid healthy - A weight-loss program. Reducing excess weight can help take the strain off of painful joints - Physiotherapy and hydrotherapy. This can help to build the muscles around the affected joints, helping to support them - Alternative therapies such as acupuncture or laser therapy has been shown to have varying degrees of effectiveness in arthritic patients. #### What can I do at home to make life more comfortable for my arthritic pet? Keep your pet lean! Overweight pets are more likely to develop osteoarthritis and will struggle to cope more than leaner animals. We offer advice and weight-loss clinics to help your pet lose weight. Many owners are not aware that their pet is overweight- we are happy to assess them for you to establish what their healthy weight should be and give advice on how to achieve it. Keep exercising your dog. Exercise helps to build or maintain muscle to help support joints. You may need to change your usual regime – shorter, more frequent walks are more beneficial than a long walk once or twice a day. High impact exercise such as ball chasing should be avoided if possible. Make adjustments around the house: place rugs on slippery floors, ramps on steps/into cars, raise food and water bowls and invest in an orthopaedic bed to keep your pet comfortable. We are happy to chat with you during one of our home visits to help you make changes around your house to suit your individual pet and circumstances. Be aware of seasonal changes. Cold weather can have negative effects on an arthritic pet. Beds can be moved to warm areas and coats can be used on dog walks to minimise the effect of cold weather on joints. It may be that medication needs be reviewed over winter months- it is worth booking in a winter health check so you can chat with us about your pets’ medication. **Categories:** Cats, Diseases, Dogs, Ferrets, Guinea-pigs, Rabbits, Rodents, Small mammals --- ### [Travelling with your pet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/08/travelling-with-your-pet/) **Published:** February 8, 2025 **Author:** admin **Excerpt:** If you're planning to take your pet abroad, you need to be well prepared. **Content:** We know that it can be stressful to arrange a trip abroad with your pet, so we will try to help wherever we can. To ensure that everything runs as smoothly as possible with your trip, you need to check what will be required with the relevant authorities. Remember that, as the owner, you bear the responsibility of making sure that the travel requirements have been met. You should double-check requirements for both the destination country and for re-entry to the UK well in advance of your travel date. Pet passports issued for dogs, cats and ferrets in the UK are no longer valid for travel within the EU. EU passports for UK pets are no longer valid (as of 22 April 2026), and UK vets are no longer allowed to make any records in EU passports. Other species such as rabbits and birds cannot travel on a pet passport and require different travel certification. This can take time to arrange, so please contact us with queries at the earliest opportunity. If you wish to transport an animal that is not your pet to another country, please contact us for advice. Requirements will vary depending on the type of animal being transported, the country of destination, and the purpose of travel (e.g. a holiday, a show, re-homing, sale of an animal). It is worth checking the Animal & Plant Health Agency (APHA) website or government website and contacting APHA, Carlisle where appropriate. For more detailed information, please visit our related travel pages with destination-specific advice. Information relating to all pet travel can be found on the government website or from APHA Carlisle. Email: Telephone: 0370 241 1710 Monday to Friday, 8:30am to 5pm (closed on bank holidays) **Categories:** Birds, Cats, Dogs, Ferrets, Travel advice --- ### [Pet travel to Europe and Northern Ireland](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/08/pet-travel-to-europe-and-northern-ireland/) **Published:** February 8, 2025 **Author:** admin **Excerpt:** Pet passport or Animal Health Certificate? It's complicated. **Content:** #### Europe The basic requirements for a pet to travel to Europe with an Animal Health Certificate are the same as those previously required for a passport. These are: 1. The animal is a dog, cat or ferret 2. No more than 5 animals are being transported 3. Transport is not for a commercial purpose 4. The animal has a microchip in place – \*this must have been placed prior to vaccination against rabies\* 5. A rabies vaccine has been administered more than 21 days before the date of travel #### Northern Ireland From 5 June 2025, you don’t need an Animal Health Certificate to go to Northern Ireland from the UK – just a Pet Travel Document. This works only for travel to and from Northern Ireland so if you plan to travel onward, you will need further documentation. To apply for a Pet Travel Document, visit: https://www.gov.uk/apply-for-northern-ireland-pet-travel-document The Pet Travel Document lasts for the lifetime of the animal and is free. The animal just needs a microchip. #### Additional Requirements The Pet Passport system is now invalid as a single method of transporting dogs, cats and ferrets. If your pet’s passport was issued in Northern Ireland or within Europe, it will still be valid for transport to and from Europe, providing it is up-dated in Europe and your pet’s rabies vaccination in Europe. If your pet’s passport was issued in Great Britain, it will be valid for re-entry to England, Scotland, or Wales. However, your pet will now require an Animal Health Certificate (AHC) in order to travel to Europe. See above for Northern Ireland. Dogs travelling to Finland, Ireland, Malta, Northern Ireland, and Norway will require treatment for tapeworm prior to leaving the UK. When returning to the UK, tapeworm treatment must be administered by an Official Veterinarian 1-5 days before re-entry to the UK, using an appropriate product (usually praziquantel). This applies to re-entry from any country *except* Finland, Ireland, Malta, Northern Ireland, and Norway. Pets must also have had their routine vaccinations prior to travel to Europe, and this must be documented in the AHC. #### Animal Health Certificates An AHC will be required for dogs, cats and ferrets to travel to Europe. This must be issued and signed by an Official Veterinarian no more than 10 days prior to travel. You must bring proof of the following to your AHC appointment: - Date of microchip insertion - Vaccination history The AHC will be valid for entry into the EU for 10 days after, and including, the date of issue. It is valid for continued movements through Europe or return to GB for 4 months from date of issue. A new AHC must be issued each time you re-enter the EU. The same certificate cannot be used for repeated trips. #### Documents required to enter Great Britain Your pet must have one of the following documents in order to enter or re-enter England, Scotland or Wales: a pet passport: - an EU pet passport issued in the EU, OR - a pet passport issued in GB if issued before 1 January 2021, OR - a pet passport from another Part 1 listed third country - the animal health certificate (AHC) issued in GB prior to travel – this is valid for re-entry to GB up to 4 months after it was issued - a GB pet health certificate (for travel into GB only) Your pet will not need this documentation if it’s entering GB from: - Northern Ireland - the Channel Islands - the Isle of Man #### Microchips A microchip must be placed prior to, or at the same time as, the initial rabies vaccination. The microchip must be scanned prior to each subsequent rabies vaccine and matched with the recorded number in the records. This is to prove that the same animal is being presented for vaccination and travel each time. Sometimes a microchip will work its way out of the skin or will stop working, so it is important that it is checked on a regular basis. A new one may sometimes need to be placed. #### Rabies vaccination All dogs, cats and ferrets must have an up-to-date rabies vaccination to travel to Europe or to return to GB. There is no requirement for a rabies antibody titre test for travel to Europe and Northern Ireland. However, other destinations may require evidence of immunity via a blood test. Your pet must have a single rabies vaccine administered according the manufacturer’s guidance (every 12 months in Europe, and every 1-3 years in the UK depending on the vaccine stability). There is no longer a requirement for a vaccine course. Your pet can travel to Europe 21 days after rabies vaccination in the first year, and any time thereafter. However, if a rabies vaccine is overdue, travel is prohibited until the vaccine has been given, **and 21 days have elapsed from the time of vaccination. The same time frames apply for pets entering the UK**. #### Our recommendations for rabies vaccines **We strongly recommend an initial course of 2 rabies vaccines, 14-21 days apart, and/or a rabies titre test.** 25% of all vaccinated animals do not develop sufficient immunity after a single injection. If your pet is one of these animals, it will not have antibodies to rabies. It will be at high risk if bitten by a rabid animal! To reduce this possibility, your pet can have a second vaccine. This should ensure an adequate immune response but some pets may still be lower in immunity. To test the antibody levels, your pet can have a blood test. There is no need for a second vaccine if the result is above the minimum level. However, a second vaccine is recommended if the antibody titre is low. For travel within the EU, there is no requirement to wait 90 days from the date of antibody sampling. Your travel dates will be unaffected, but you will know that your pet is (or is not) immunized effectively. #### Vaccinations **Dogs**: must be vaccinated against canine distemper, canine hepatitis, canine parvovirus, and leptospirosis (there is no specific requirement for the type of leptospira vaccine, but consideration should be given to the destination country – please contact us for more information). **Cats**: must be vaccinated for feline parvovirus, feline herpes virus and feline calicvirus. If your cat goes outside at all, vaccination against feline leukaemia virus is highly recommended. **Ferrets**: must be vaccinated against canine distemper. We recommend annual vaccination of dogs, cats and ferrets to prevent a resurgence of these viruses, which are frequently fatal. Some destination countries may require additional vaccines before travel so it is worth reading up on this a few months in advance. **Please note that pets with vaccines that have expired according to the manufacturer’s guidelines will be required to start and complete a new vaccine course, taking up to 4 weeks to complete, before they are able to travel**. #### Additional vaccinations Please research the country that you are travelling to as well as the specific area you and your pet will be staying in. There are pockets of diseases as well as widespread disease throughout the world. We do not have many of these diseases in the UK so vaccination is a good idea. Many are spread by biting insects, so protection from flies, fleas, worms and ticks is essential. Additional canine vaccines to consider include: - Leishmania – carried by sandflies - Borrelia (Lyme disease) – carried by ticks #### Parasitic infectious diseases - Leishmaniasis – carried by sandflies, can affect most species causing severe skin disease and/or organ failure. Treatments effective against sandflies are the best preventative, or vaccination is available for dogs. - Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease) – carried by ticks, can affect most species. Clinical signs vary from profound lethargy to severe lameness. This organism is difficult to eradicate and symptoms can recur sporadically for years. Tick treatments are essential for all countries, including the UK! - Anaplasmosis / Ehrlichiosis – carried by ticks, causes the blood clotting process to fail. Fatal if an injury is sustained, but prevented by most tick preventatives. - Babesiosis – carried by ticks, causes failure of the blood clotting cascade and can be fatal **Categories:** Cats, Dogs, Ferrets, Travel advice --- ### [Essentials of keeping rabbits, guinea-pigs, degus and chinchillas](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/01/28/rabbits-guineapigs-degus-chinchillas/) **Published:** January 28, 2025 **Author:** admin **Excerpt:** Essentials of keeping rabbits, guinea-pigs, degus and chinchillas - housing, diet, enrichment, exercise and company **Content:** This post tells you about all the essentials for keeping keeping rabbits, guinea-pigs, degus and chinchillas – housing, diet, enrichment, exercise and company #### Good quality food that is species-specific We have recommended foods in our diet pages to help with your selection process. It is important to ensure that your small mammal receives plenty of vitamins and minerals. Ideally, food should be dispersed to encourage foraging, but if using bowls, please ensure that they are cleaned on a daily basis. Guinea-pigs, chinchillas and degus have an absolute requirement for vitamin C, in high levels – they cannot make their own. Lack of vitamin C results in scurvy, so it’s really important to provide vitamin-C rich foods, such as red peppers and citrus fruit. Whenever they are feeling under the weather, this requirement doubles. We strongly recommend feeding vitamin C supplements as part of their daily nutrition plan – these supplements are often seen as tasty snacks! #### Grass and hay These are essential for your pet and should form over 80% of their diet. These species are designed to live solely on grass, hay and weeds – feeding concentrated foods can be really bad for the teeth. Grass and hay encourage their mouth to move in the correct way, wearing the teeth down and ensuring the best oral health. #### Fresh water This must be available and accessible at all times. Small mammals frequently find using a water bottle difficult – no wild small animal will crane its head at an odd position to drink if there is a ground source available! Please offer water in a bowl instead of or as well as a water bottle. Bottles and bowls should be cleaned regularly to avoid build-up of algae and bacteria that can cause ill health or block the water bottle spout. Ideally, water should be left to stand for a day before being offered to your pet to allow the fluoride (present in tap water) to break down. #### A hutch or cage of suitable size should be available Guinea-pig and degu cages must be raised from the floor to avoid them becoming damp; all enclosures must have shelter from the elements. Chinchillas need huge spaces to spring around in, and their cages must provide height as well as floor area. Rabbits need at least one raised area to sit in, and plenty of space to run around in. All species should have a separate bedroom area to the communal social area. Housing should be cleaned out well on a regular basis, ideally on a daily basis. A deep clean should be done at least twice a week. This is essential to prevent flies from laying their eggs in the moist hay or on your pet. Litter training is possible in most species. Please contact us for more information. #### Do not be tempted to house different species together! This is a cause of tremendous stress to your pets, who will not show you outwardly that they are suffering. Rabbits and guinea-pigs are a common mix, but guinea-pigs are bullied badly by rabbits, and if mounted by rabbits, the internal injuries suffered by guinea-pigs can be fatal. #### Space to exercise Ideally, all species should have plenty of space available in a garden, or somewhere with access to fresh grass. However, house pets and those living in areas of concrete etc. are very happy, provided they have space to run around and you provide hay or grass ad libitum! Exercise is extremely important to help stimulate gut movement and prevent obesity. These animals would forage all day in the wild, so require huge amounts of exercise. #### Sand bath Chinchillas in particular need daily bathing in rough material to promote skin and hair health and to encourage normal social behaviour. #### Environmental enrichment Hiding places are essential for all of these species, whether indoor or outdoor, and help to dramatically reduce stress. Hides can range from commercially available products to bits of old drain pipe or flower pots. A variety of toys should also be provided, ideally of a type that can be gnawed on. #### Safety from predators, including your pets, at all times Never leave your dog or cat with your small mammal when unsupervised. Although they may be the best of friends, instinct is strong in predatory species. It only takes one slip for your dog or cat to kill your small pet by accident, leaving everyone devastated. Instinct cannot be overridden, so we can never blame dogs, cats or other predatory species from hunting – it is just their nature! #### Regular health care Rabbits need vaccinations every year and will receive a full health check at this time. However, we recommend bi-annual check-ups as a bare minimum for all species. This enables you to keep up-to-date with their general health, and especially their dental health. Guinea-pigs, chinchillas and degus do not need vaccinations routinely, but we recommend bi-annual checks for the same reasons. These species are prey species and are designed to hide any signs of ill health until they cannot keep going any longer. If you notice any change in your pet, please bring them for a check-up as soon as possible. **Categories:** Diets, Guinea-pigs, Housing, Husbandry, Rabbits, Small mammals, Stressors and threats **Tags:** diet, enrichment, exercise, grass, hay, housing, mixing species, predators, sand bath, Vitamin C, water --- ### [Brushing your pet's teeth](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/12/brushing-your-pets-teeth/) **Published:** February 12, 2025 **Author:** Emily Tuite **Excerpt:** Why brushing it's important to brush your pet's teeth, and how to go about it **Content:** Every day, most people clean their teeth 2-3 times. This helps us to keep those pesky bacteria at bay, that can build up to cause plaque and tartar. Having healthy teeth and gums is just as important for our furry family members as it is for us. You can – and should – clean your dog’s, cat’s and even ferret’s teeth daily, for the same reasons. If you introduce this right at the start, you can build it into their daily routine. However, that does not prevent you from introducing it to an older or recused pet’s daily schedule. #### How do I brush my pet’s teeth? Using a soft-bristled pet-friendly toothbrush or finger brush, combined with pet-safe toothpaste, we can easily help to prevent surgical intervention being required. This is the gold standard of home dental care for our furry friends. We recommend using an enzymatic pet friendly toothpaste. This means that not only is the paste safe for them to swallow, but it will leave a residue to help break down and fight off the bacteria. Start by offering a small pea-sized piece of the poultry or fish-flavoured toothpaste as a treat. Take the opportunity to run your fingers around your et’s gums whilst they are resting, so they are used to having something in their mouth. Once your pet has become accustomed to this, you can start to introduce them to toothpaste being rubbed over the front surface of their teeth and gums. Finally, we can introduce the toothbrush or finger brush. Try to make this seem like fun, and allow them to lick the toothpaste off of the brush initially. Then you can introduce them to it being brushed over the gums and teeth. Make sure you push the toothpaste right into the bristles of the brush, or your pet may have eaten it before you have even started brushing the teeth! You might find it easier to do this in the evening whilst they are relaxing with you, or as part of the bedtime routine. #### My pet isn’t young. When should I start brushing the teeth? If you are looking to add toothbrushing to a more elderly or rescued pet’s routine, make sure you are starting with a healthy mouth. If they already have plaque and tartar build up, they will need to have a dental scale and polish under general anaesthetic first. All animals will have a full vet health check on the day, and can have blood tests run in advance to ensure they are safe to have a general anaesthetic. It is important for us to remove the plaque not just visible on the teeth, but also under the gum-line. This pushes the gum away from the teeth, so we need to ensure the tooth and gum are reunited before starting our brushing regime – otherwise the plaque under the gums just acts as a base for more plaque to join. #### What are we trying to prevent? If the bacteria are allowed to build up on the surfaces of the teeth, there are a number of dental problems that can develop. These include:- - Halitosis, which is bad breath - Gingivitis, which is inflammation of the gums - Gum recession, which can leave the tooth roots exposed and lead to infection - Damage to the enamel, which can lead to pulp and nerve ending exposure The bacteria will also be regularly breaking off and pass through into the body and blood stream, where they can cause damage to the heart and liver. If inhaled, that bacteria can also cause respiratory infections. These problems can be very painful and cause your pet to change what they are willing to eat and to play with. Only in extreme cases will they stop eating: their natural survival instincts will not let them starve. When vital organs are damaged by the bacteria, the subsequent conditions can become life-threatening, for example, heart failure or pneumonia. All of these problems can affect your pet’s quality of life, and life expectancy. However, maintaining a dental hygiene routine can help to prevent all of these occurring, and to manage any problems that may already be present. #### Do some dogs and cats have worse dental problems than others? Yes – there are some breeds of dogs and cats that have a genetic tendency towards tooth disease. In dogs, this includes most small breeds, as well as poodles and their crosses. Some cats and sighthounds can be prone to gum disease, which can then expose their teeth. It is particularly important in these breeds to keep up with dental health, to prevent the diseases listed above from occurring. Some pets may require annual, or even bi-annual, dentistry to keep their mouths clean. If you have one of these pets, it would be worth considering our Pet Health Plans to help spread the cost of an annual scale and polish. **Categories:** Cats, Dental, Dogs, Ferrets --- ### [Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s Disease) in dogs](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/03/06/hac-cushings-disease-in-dogs/) **Published:** March 6, 2025 **Author:** admin **Excerpt:** Cushing's Disease, or hyperadrenocorticism (HAC), is caused by a hormone imbalance, either because of a problem with the pituitary (most commonly) or adrenal glands. **Content:** #### About Cushing’s Disease Cushing’s disease is named after the person who discovered it and is the correct name in human medicine, but the veterinary profession usually refers to the more descriptive term of ‘hyperadrenocorticism’ or HAC for short. This is a condition caused by a hormone imbalance in the body, which is itself caused either by a problem with the pituitary (found in the brain) – the most common cause – or with the adrenal glands (located close to the kidneys). The pituitary gland produces a hormone that controls the release of another hormone, cortisol, from the adrenal gland. This sequence of events is under tight regulation under normal conditions, with cortisol production increasing in response to stress and reducing at other times. Most dogs (around 80-85%) with hyperadrenocorticism (HAC) have developed the condition because of a cancer of the pituitary gland. These growths may be benign or malignant, but the effect is the same: to remove the negative feedback on cortisol production. This means that the adrenal glands are constantly stimulated to release more cortisol (the ‘stress hormone’) into the body despite already elevated circulating levels. The remaining dogs with HAC that do not have a pituitary lesion have developed the condition because of a cancer of the adrenal gland or glands. In the majority of cases, the lesion is only in one of the two glands, but the increase in cortisol production is marked. In these cases, the negative feedback loop is still working, but the cancerous part of the gland that is over-producing cortisol does not respond to it. Therefore, the opposite adrenal gland becomes extremely small in an attempt to reduce blood levels of cortisol. #### Cortisol: the stress hormone Cortisol is known as the stress hormone because it is released in times of physiological or psychological stress. However, it is routinely released at other times because its effects are to regulate a wide variety of processes in the body. A few important roles of cortisol are listed below, but there are many, many more! - Regulates sodium reabsorption by the kidneys via regulation of potassium elimination - Regulates hydration by affecting the reabsorption of water in the kidneys – this is directly linked to sodium reabsorption - Causes the release of sugar into the blood stream to allow the ‘fight or flight’ response, and limits sugar up-take and storage by the liver - Increases the permeability (leakiness) of blood vessels to allow larger white blood cells that fight infections through to areas that are under attack - Increases the laxity of connective tissues - Helps to regulate calcium balances in the body, essential for nerve and muscle function #### Clinical signs (symptoms) of HAC/Cushing’s Disease There is a wide range of clinical signs that can be seen in patients affected by HAC – the wide-reaching effects of cortisol are amplified and give the signs that we see. Patients are frequently presented with signs of increased thirst, appetite and urination, and may also suffer with vomiting or diarrhoea. A small percentage (10%) of patients with Cushing’s disease will also develop diabetes mellitus because of the continuously increased blood sugar levels they experience. Many patients suffer with recurrent urinary tract infections because of the high sugar levels. Affected individuals may have a change of body outline, often adopting a ‘pot-bellied’ appearance because of the increase in ligament laxity. Dogs with HAC often have hair loss over their flanks in a symmetrical pattern and may develop hard lumps in the skin as a result of calcium deposition. The skin may appear more transparent than it was previously, or in some cases may be more pigmented (have a darker colour). Wound healing time is increased so odd cuts and scratches may take longer than usual to seal over. #### Diagnosis There are many hoops to jump through before a diagnosis of hyperadrenocorticism/Cushing’s Disease can be reached. Initial screening blood and urine tests are needed to rule in or out other disease processes, and some of these may need to be rectified then the tests repeated if HAC is still suspected. Once any other conditions have been considered, if Cushing’s disease is still suspected, further specialized blood tests may be required. An ACTH stimulation test may be performed to analyse the body’s response to excessive cortisol. This frequently gives an indication of HAC but in some cases may not provide a diagnosis, so an additional dexamethasone suppression test may be required. This may also help to differentiate between central (pituitary) and adrenal HAC. In order to check for adrenal causes, an ultrasound scan of the adrenal glands may be required. In some cases, specific tests such as fructosamine readings may be suggested to check for the presence of diabetes mellitus. #### Treatment Treatment of Cushing’s Disease may to some extent depend upon the cause. The preferred medication is called trilostane and comes in a tablet form to be given every day. The dose must be titrated to the correct level for the individual so repeat blood tests will be required. Dogs with adrenal tumours may be suitable candidates for surgery to remove the affected gland. This is a complicated surgery with many hazards both during and after the operation, so referral to a specialist centre is usually required and the patient is likely to remain in hospital for some time. Medications to stimulate cortisol release or mimic cortisol may be required in the post-operative period. Patients with pituitary lesions are not eligible for surgery, so medication is the only option for these dogs. #### How will my dog’s condition affect me? Patients with HAC/Cushing’s must be provided with free access to water at all times, including overnight. They will also need more frequent trips to urinate, both during the day and night. You may therefore need to arrange additional care for your pet if nobody is around to let them out, or rearrange work times around them. Patients with HAC are always hungry, so may beg for or steal food, so provisions should be made to lock everything safely away! If your pet has concurrent diabetes, you may also need to inject your pet – please see our [diabetes mellitus](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2024/12/18/diabetes-mellitus/) page for more information on this condition and its treatment. Many pets with HAC suffer with repeated urinary infections or infections of minor cuts that take longer to heal, so your dog may need courses of antibiotics from time to time. Throughout the stabilisation period, repeat blood tests will be required to check the level of cortisol and its suppression. Once your pet’s ideal trilostane dose has been reached, the frequency of blood tests may be reduced but will continue throughout the lifetime of the patient. Additional finance should therefore be allocated for repeated veterinary visits and diagnostics. Hyperadrenocorticism is not a cheap disease to diagnose or to treat, so owners may face difficult decisions in some cases. The lifespan of dogs with HAC will be reduced compared with that of healthy dogs, but well managed cases may life a full and happy, healthy life for several years, with the average life expectancy of treated pets falling between two and three years after diagnosis depending on the cause of HAC. This may be lower in dogs with concurrent diseases and higher in other cases. **Categories:** Diseases, Dogs --- ### [Exporting your pet and travel outside of the EU](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/08/travelling-with-pets-outside-of-the-eu/) **Published:** February 8, 2025 **Author:** admin **Excerpt:** Tips for exporting your pet and travel outside of the EU - and how we can help. **Content:** Travel outside of the EU will now require your pet to have an Export Health Certificate (EHC). You will also need to complete an Export Application Form if you are in Great Britain (England, Scotland or Wales). This applies to all species. You will need to nominate an Official Veterinarian to whom the Export Health Certificate will be sent. It can take up to 2 weeks for the forms to arrive, so we recommend starting as early as possible. Different destination countries will have different requirements for your pet’s vaccinations, parasite treatments and tests. The EHC and Export Application Form will contain more details on the specific country you have selected. #### Pet identification and vaccination Your pet must have a unique identification in order to travel both within and outside of the EU. This is usually a microchip, closed ring or tattoo. Your pet may also require specific vaccinations in addition to routine vaccinations, and may need a rabies vaccine. For more information on these, please see our travel within the EU and NI page. Your pet may also require a rabies antibody titre test (a blood test) prior to travel outside of the EU. This test must be carried out at least 30 days after rabies vaccination. If the result is within the acceptable limits, your pet can travel 120 days later. If the titre is too low, your pet will need a booster rabies vaccination and repeat test 30 days later. We therefore recommend planning your pet’s travel at least 6 months in advance of your intended travel date. #### Exporting your pet bird Birds travelling outside of the EU are frequently required to undergo a 21-30 day isolation period prior to travel. This must include an examination by an Official Veterinarian on day 0 to confirm the isolation facilities, then a second examination prior to travel. Some countries also require an additional (repeat) set of tests prior to export. Please leave at least 1 month between application and travel for all birds. Birds may also require cloacal swabs and blood tests to confirm the absence of Avian Influenza. These tests must be performed by specific laboratories, at specific times within the isolation period. Further details will be included in the EHC received by the Official Veterinarian. All birds will require an Export Health Certificate, whether travelling within or outside of the EU. It is not possible for birds to travel with an Animal Health Certificate. #### Destination countries may not accept your pets! Some countries will not accept imports of certain species, regardless of the reasons for travel. If this is the case for your pet, you are responsible for providing suitable alternative arrangements for your pet. If you are emigrating and your pet cannot accompany you, you must ensure a long-term solution is reached prior to travel. There is often a waiting list for rehoming centres, frequently months long. Do not be fooled into thinking this can be a rushed decision: planning must start early! Remember that it is up to you to meet the requirements of your destination country in the required timeframe. Pets can be exported and travel within a few weeks, but the preparations for some countries can take up to a year. Please check the requirements for your chosen destination by contacting the appropriate authorities in that country, or by using the travel helpline provided by the government: Email: Telephone: 0370 241 1710 **Categories:** Birds, Cats, Dogs, Ferrets, Guinea-pigs, Rabbits, Reptiles & amphibians, Rodents, Small mammals, Tortoises, terrapins & turtles, Travel advice --- ### [Minor burns](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2024/12/30/minor-burns/) **Published:** December 30, 2024 **Author:** admin **Excerpt:** Burns and what to do **Content:** The most common causes of burns include accidental spillage of hot liquid or food, heat lamp burns, and sunburn. #### Treatment Bathe the affected area with cool running water for 15 minutes. A cool compress such as frozen peas (wrapped in a thin towel which is then wrapped in clingfilm) can be applied to the area. Assess the area for any blistering or swelling. Aloe vera can be applied to skin that is still intact. Broken or blistering skin can be covered in cling film and veterinary advice sought immediately. Heat lamp burns are relatively common in reptiles. A safety guard should be used on all heat lamps. These burns are often deeper and more damaging than they first appear and should always be assessed by your vet. #### Chemical burns Always consider your own safety when dealing with chemical burns – you should wear protective clothing before handling your pet. Your pet’s coat should be bathed with cool running water for 15 minutes, and veterinary treatment should be sought immediately. **Categories:** Cats, Dogs, Ferrets, First aid at home, Guinea-pigs, Housing, Injuries, Rabbits, Reptiles & amphibians, Rodents, Small mammals, Tortoises, terrapins & turtles **Tags:** aloe vera, blisters, burns, chemical burns, cling film, compress, heat lamps, sunburn --- ### [Ileus (gut stasis)](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/12/ileus-gut-stasis/) **Published:** February 12, 2025 **Author:** Emily Tuite **Excerpt:** Ileus or gut stasis is the term used to describe a condition where part of or all of the gastrointestinal tract ceases to move. It is very common in rabbits and guinea-pigs, both as a primary and a secondary condition. **Content:** Ileus or gut stasis is the term used to describe a condition where part of or all of the gastrointestinal tract ceases to move. It is very common in rabbits and guinea-pigs, both as a primary and a secondary condition. Peristalsis is the term for the wave-like contractions that are required to pass food along the gastrointestinal tract during digestion, but this is lost when a patient is suffering from ileus. Cessation of peristalsis can cause the cecum to empty too slowly and can lead to harmful bacteria proliferating within the gut. These harmful bacteria emit gas, causing bloating and distension of the gastrointestinal tract and severe pain as a result of this. Some of these bacteria can also release deadly toxins, potentially leading to liver failure. Ileus can also cause severe dehydration and anorexia. #### Rabbit digestion explained Rabbit diets consist of mainly fibrous or grass-like material, which passes through the small intestine mostly unchanged. It is the small intestine that is responsible for absorbing the nutrients. As the rabbit’s diet is high in fibre, and this cannot be broken down by enzymes in the small intestine, the fibrous parts of the food travel on through the colon. In many animals, this is usually eliminated as waste. Rabbits however, have a colon which is able to separate the fibre into two types: digestible and indigestible. The indigestible fibres are eliminated as hard round pellets, which are the type of faeces that rabbit owners will usually see lots of. These indigestible fibres are important in the rabbit’s diet because they help with gastrointestinal mobility (they keep peristalsis going) and also provide constant wear for the teeth. The digestible fibres are pushed backwards from the colon into the rabbit’s caecum. The caecum contains lots of bacteria capable of breaking down these fibres. A portion of the digestion products are absorbed straight away, whereas other partially digested fibres are eliminated as caecotrophs. Caecotrophs are small, soft droppings that you may not always see, but are crucial for the health of the rabbit’s digestive system. The rabbit then eats these droppings so that they can pass through the digestive tract again. The caecotrophs contain lots of important nutrients, including vitamins B and K and essential amino acids, made available by the partial digestion of the bacteria in the caecum. The bacteria themselves can also be digested for added nutritional value! These nutrients are absorbed during their second passage through the small intestine, and the remaining undigested fibres are passed as hard faecal pellets. #### Digestion in guinea-pigs and other hind gut fermenters Guinea-pigs are known as ‘hind-gut fermenters’ like rabbits, but their digestive system varies slightly. Guinea-pigs and some other small mammals such as chinchillas that live primarily on hay and tough grasses also produce caecotrophs like rabbits do, and their digestion occurs in a similar manner. These species also rely on bacteria present within the colon to break down the tough fibres of their food so that the nutritional contents can be absorbed. They also employ a system of retropulsion (food being pushed backwards) to increase absorption of nutrients in a similar manner to rabbits. #### Causes of ileus Ileus can be caused by a vast array of conditions! It is commonly associated with: - Pain - Poor diet – diets lacking in tough fibres or another nutritional deficiency - Stress - Lack of exercise - Dental disease - Obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract - Other underlying diseases related to any of the organs (including respiratory disease, liver disease, kidney disease and cardiac disease) - Anorexia - Surgery #### Clinical signs (symptoms) Patients with ileus typically display clinical signs such as anorexia, depression, and a lack of or reduced faecal output. Droppings may be smaller and drier than usual initially then cease to be produced at all. Prey animals such as rabbits do not tend to show early signs of illness but wait until they are no longer able to cope with a condition before changing their behaviour. Always assume that even a minor change in demeanour or loss of appetite could be very serious. Patients suffering with ileus may grind their teeth together or vocalise when picked up. They may have a change in body shape or outline, with the abdomen either appearing much larger on one side than the other, or appearing as generally enlarged if gas is present on both sides. The patient may have very sunken eyes within the sockets and may be collapsed. #### Diagnosis Diagnosis of ileus is based on radiographs (x-rays), blood tests and clinical signs. Ileus is most frequently secondary to another condition, so it is essential that the primary cause is found and treated to prevent ileus from recurring at a later date. The patient may require further diagnostics such as ultrasound scans of the abdominal cavity or heart, urine tests, or repeated blood tests and radiography. #### Treatment Ileus is a life-threatening condition because the blood flow from the body back to the heart can be cut off. Patients suffering from this condition need intensive medical care if recovery is to be successful, and this cannot be guaranteed. Treatment usually involves fluid therapy and nutritional support, as well as medications such as pain relief and gut stimulants to try to increase peristalsis. The underlying cause of the gut stasis must be treated. In some cases, the affected patient may require more invasive treatments such as dentistry or abdominal surgery, often as emergency procedures. #### Recovering patients Once discharged from hospital, affected patients will require on-going care at home to prevent the recurrence of ileus. They may have medications such as pain relief or gut motility stimulants to continue, which will need to be given orally. Some patients may require supplemental syringe feeding until they are eating normally for themselves. The patient’s appetite should be monitored very carefully, as well as monitoring to ensure that normal faeces are being passed. If the patient shows any signs of inappetence or reduction in faecal output, veterinary advice should be sought without delay. #### Prevention of ileus Although ileus can happen under any circumstances (no matter how well looked after the pet may be!) there are a few things that owners can do to minimise the risk of ileus occurring. These include: - Providing a hay or grass-based diet – this provides rabbits and other hind gut fermenters with the necessary long fibres which aid in gut motility, as well as helping to reduce dental disease. Hay and grass should form the majority (80-100%) of the patient’s diet. - Keeping your pet in a stress-free environment, away from loud noises where there is lots of disruption, and away from predatory animals including dogs and cats. - Increasing exercise – ensure that your rabbit or small pet has plenty of space to run and play. These species will travel miles during the wild, so exercise areas should be as large as possible and available at all times. - Arrange for regular veterinary check-ups. Your vet will be able to check your pet for any signs of dental disease, or any other underlying conditions that could lead to ileus **Categories:** Diseases, Guinea-pigs, Husbandry, Rabbits, Small mammals --- ### [Dentistry in guinea-pigs, degus and chinchillas](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/12/dentistry-in-guinea-pigs-degus-and-chinchillas/) **Published:** February 12, 2025 **Author:** Emily Tuite **Excerpt:** Dental disease can have far-reaching effects on the overall health of small mammals so it's important to be aware of the symptoms and what you can do to minimise the chances. **Content:** #### Why do we talk about dentistry so much in small mammals? Dental disease can have far-reaching effects on the overall health of small mammals. Toothache is intensely painful and, in these species can cause ileus, a life-threatening disease, as a consequence. Eye sight and the health of both the eyes and the nose can be affected, causing pain and stress. Stress itself may either cause dental disease or result from it, and again can cause ileus, allow infections to take hold, and may reduce the lifespan of your pet. There is a wide range of dental disease within the small mammal populace. Broadly speaking, these can be divided into congenital (from birth) and acquired diseases (with the latter forming the majority of problems), and into incisor (the front teeth) and molar (the cheek teeth) problems. A brief overview of some of these problems can be found below. #### What causes dental disease? It is important to realize that these species are prey animals, which means that they are naturally at the bottom of the food chain and are hunted by a variety of species. Animals will follow their instincts to a large degree, so even a domestic dog or cat that has been around small mammals for a long time may suddenly try to hunt them – this is a normal behaviour and it is unfair to expect these predatory species to relinquish all instinct purely through training. Similarly, small mammals do not wish to be friends with predatory species! Our small pets may also find loud noises or strong smells overwhelming, or may become too hot or too cold depending on the environment they are kept in. All of these things cause mental and physiological stress. Stress reduces the strength of the periodontal ligaments, which hold the teeth in their sockets. The quality of the ligaments and gums is also affected, with injury occurring more readily in stressed individuals. Chinchillas are often immunosuppressed as a result of stress, and the lack of immunity can be profound. They are therefore more likely to develop severe dental disease as a result of this stress. Perhaps the largest factor in dental disease alongside stress is the quality of the diet. Many of the smaller mammals, particularly the hind-gut fermenters such as rabbits, guinea-pigs, degus and chinchillas, have continuously erupting teeth. It is essential that the teeth continue to be worn down by the rough fibres in the diet so that the natural wearing (occlusal) surfaces of the teeth continue to align correctly. In the wild, the natural diet of these species ensures that the teeth are always worn, but in captivity or as domestic pets, it can be more challenging to provide the correct diet and environment to best promote dental health. In most cases, the diet should be almost exclusively comprised of grasses (or hay) and fibrous weeds. These animals may roam very large distances to find food, so exercise is also essential! The best way to mimic the natural world in our homes is to provide as large a space as possible for your small pet to roam in, and to hide food in a variety of places to encourage natural foraging behaviours. Gnawing is an essential part of the daily routine of these animals – especially for guinea-pigs and chinchillas whose teeth grow during periods of rest, so practical solutions must be found to provide opportunities in the home. Never allow your pet to gnaw on bars or metal meshwork because this can cause dental fractures that are not apparent. Never allow your pet to ingest wallpaper or furniture, which could be toxic or cause obstruction. Never allow your pet to gnaw on any wires that could result in electric shock. Ideally, gnawing materials should include hay provided ad libitum, and natural woods such as branches from fruit trees. Treats may be hidden in wooden tubes to encourage gnawing, or hay may be tied up in knots to provide a rougher material for your pet to chew through. Guinea-pigs have an absolute requirement for vitamin C, and if this is not met, the teeth and their ligaments will become weak, allowing the teeth to tilt more and predisposing the animal to fractures and infections of the teeth. This can cause the teeth to bridge over the tongue and trap it (see later).A lack of vitamins may also result in bleeding of the central cavity of the tooth, causing considerable pain and stress, further weakening the tooth. Another factor, albeit a small one, to consider is the quality of our drinking water. Water piped to our homes is treated with fluoride to increase our own dental health by giving us stronger teeth. Whilst this is unquestionably a good thing, it does also affect our pets. By increasing the strength of the enamel in our pets, we make it harder for them to wear down their teeth. This effect is minor so is not the first consideration in any dental case, but does play a part in dental health. However, fluoride is readily degraded simply by leaving water to stand for 24 hours, so leaving a bowl of water for this time before offering it to our pets may help to combat this effect. It will also taste better to them! #### Clinical signs (symptoms) The teeth of chinchillas and guinea-pigs curve towards each other in the lower jaw and away from each other in the upper jaw. If the teeth are too long or develop spurs (sharp ridges on the teeth), damage to the cheeks may occur and the tongue may become trapped in guinea-pigs. If the tongue is trapped, the affected animal is unable to swallow, despite all efforts to eat. These patients always look like they are eating and are frequently seen with food in their mouths, but they are actually starving. The pain associated with toothache may cause affected individualsto grind their teeth or dribble more than usual, and they may have difficulty grooming so may present with a matted area of fur, or for no longer keeping themselves clean. Abnormal tooth growth may also cause obstruction of the tear ducts, causing excessively watery eyes to develop or recurrent eye infections. In severe cases where a tooth root abscess grows into the eye socket, one eye may appear to bulge out from the face. #### Common dental problems in guinea-pigs, degus and chinchillas - Fractures, which can affect the jaw as well as the incisors. Fractures may commonly be caused by animals falling or being dropped from a height (e.g. hamsters, guinea-pigs), or as a result of an inadequate diet. It is vital that no child is left unsupervised with a small pet because internal damage as well as dental fractures can result from falls. - Tooth root infections of the incisors are common in rodents, particularly in those that have chewed on cage bars through boredom or lack of other gnawing materials. - Gingivitis and periodontitis - Damage from incorrect burring or trimming – teeth should never be clipped because this can cause fractures or damage the germinal tissues, causing abnormal growth of the tooth. - Malocclusion of the cheek teeth (see rabbit dentistry article for more about this condition) causing • bridging of the tongue • fractures • tooth root infections • stretching of the jaw • eye and tear duct abnormalities - Guinea-pigs with malocclusion and stretching of the jaw often have the lower jaw extended forward, so the incisors do not meet and wear but grow outside of the lips. - Chinchillas with malocclusion suffer their incisor growth inside the mouth, with resulting damage to the soft tissues. Spurs develop on the cheek teeth, and the hinge joint of the jaws can become dislocated if the length of the teeth is not reduced. - Degus with malocclusion have a similar progression to rabbits (see rabbit articles) #### Diagnosis of dental disease Dental problems can be difficult to diagnose because the structure of the mouths of these small patients obstructs clear vision, even with an otoscope. They are continual eaters, so the mouth is often full of food! Diagnosis is suspected from the clinical signs and the owner’s description of the problem, but cannot be confirmed without x-rays of the teeth and skull, including the sinuses and the eyes. Occasionally an ultrasound scan of an eye may also be required to ascertain whether a bulging eye has a dental origin. #### Treatment - Any fractured teeth should be removed. The tooth opposite that tooth being removed will have nothing to wear against (unless a removed incisor grows back) so should be burred on a regular basis thereafter. - Abscesses should be treated by removing the tooth or teeth involved and exteriorizing the abscess. Facial surgery is frequently required to facilitate this, and an antibiotic course and or flushing solution will be required. - Regular burring of deformed teeth should be performed and removal considered. Teeth and spurs should never be clipped, but only burred with the correct equipment. Clipping can cause fractures of the teeth and can affect the germinal layer, causing affected teeth to spiral or become deformed. - The overall length of the cheek teeth and incisors should be reduced where appropriate, and the normal architecture of the dental arcades restored. - The diet should be corrected. - Stress factors should be removed. #### How to prevent malocclusion The most common cause of tooth elongation is poor dental wear because of cereal based, high energy mixed foods being fed, particularly to indoor pets lacking constant access to highly fibrous gnawing materials. It is interesting to note that outdoor rabbits and guinea-pigs left grazing rarely have malocclusions! However, certain breeds are more likely to be affected than others, and environmental conditions are likely to be involved. The best way to prevent malocclusion from occurring is to feed your pet a diet high in rough fibre. Gnawing materials should be made available at all times and should be of natural substances. Most rabbits, guinea-pigs and chinchillas do not need pellets or cereal feeds at all – they are designed to live on grass and weeds alone! If commercial diets are to be used, they should form no more than 20% of the diet, and ideally less than this: the usual rule is 25g food per 1kg pet (around 1 eggcup of food for every kilo your pet weighs) per day as an absolute maximum. However, in order to need this much energy supplementation in the UK, your pet would probably have to be outdoors in wintery conditions with little bedding for some time! **Categories:** Dental, Diets, Guinea-pigs, Husbandry, Small mammals **Tags:** chinchilla, degu, gnawing, malocclusion --- ### [Brumation](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2024/12/18/brumation/) **Published:** December 18, 2024 **Author:** admin **Excerpt:** All the information you need about brumating your tortoise - whether to/why/how/how long for and important checks to do to make sure your tortoise does well in winter. **Content:** All the information you need about brumation – whether to/why/how/how long for and important checks to do to make sure they do well in winter. **Categories:** Housing, Husbandry, Reptiles & amphibians, Tortoises, terrapins & turtles **Tags:** Brumation, food, hibernation, housing, temperature, water --- ### [How to brush your pet's teeth (video)](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/12/how-to-brush-your-pets-teeth-video/) **Published:** February 12, 2025 **Author:** Emily Tuite **Excerpt:** In this video, vet Charlotte gives a practical demonstration of how to brush your pet's teeth. **Content:** A video guide to brushing teeth starring vet Charlotte and Audrey. **Categories:** Cats, Dental, Dogs --- ### [Essentials of keeping birds](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/01/28/essentials-of-keeping-birds/) **Published:** January 28, 2025 **Author:** admin **Excerpt:** Key things you need to know when keeping birds as pets - housing, enrichment, diets, exercise, environment, toxins, light and more **Content:** We cater for birds of all shapes and sizes at Skylark Vets – there is no feather that goes unappreciated! Birds are both numerous and extremely varied in their sizes, shapes and colours. The requirements for each species will depend on where it originates from, so there is no ‘one-size-fits-all’ for these animals, but with keeping birds of any kind there are many things to be aware of. **Songbirds** are usually relatively small but with some exceptions. These birds have very high metabolic rates and produce some of the world’s most beautiful sounds. They need diets that are high-calorie, to support all the flying they naturally do. However, their activity levels are frequently much reduced in captivity, so obesity can be a real problem. **Parrot species** that range widely from small budgerigars and cockatiels to African grey parrots, Amazon parrots, and blue and gold macaws. Again, the species vary widely according to geographic environment. These birds have very strong beaks, and are designed to live on fruits, nuts and scavenged foods. Like songbirds, obesity can be a problem in captivity, as can lack of calcium (causing seizures) and heart disease. **Birds of prey** also come in an array of shapes and sizes, and are finely adapted to exploit their niche environment. From fish-hunting eagles to tiny hobbies that take insects on the wing, these birds have finely honed physical adaptations that make them extremely efficient hunters. They do not require a lot of exercise comparatively, but can struggle with foot health in captivity. If you have, or are thinking of keeping a bird, bear in mind that they are born to fly free – not to be kept in a cage for most of their life. Birds are extremely intelligent and require constant mental stimulation. They will need access to ultraviolet light (UV) – either direct sunlight or an avian UV bulb – several hours a day (see below). Their diets should be matched to their species requirements. Frequent exercise is needed for most species, involving both flight and climbing facilities. This can be in your home or in a large aviary, but not just around a cage. #### Essentials of keeping birds: #### A balanced diet complete with vitamins and minerals is essential for your pet’s health and wellbeing. There are many types of commercial diets available and a suitable food should be used for the life stage of the bird, taking into account whether they are a breeding bird (these birds will require additional nutrients) and their exercise regime. Pelleted diets are preferable to seed-based diets because selective feeding is not possible with a pellet. However, a variety of fresh fruits and vegetables should be offered in addition to pellets or seeds. Many parrot species are prone to weight gain and heart disease. It is therefore essential to limit food and treats that are high in fat (such as sunflower seeds and peanuts). We recommend no more than a few sunflower seeds per day and peanuts not more than 2-3 times per week, if at all! We recommend offering a range of natural foods, ideally spread around the aviary or enclosure at different levels to encourage foraging behaviour, or enclosed in foraging toys to increase the difficulty of finding food and reduce boredom. This should replace a portion of the commercial mixes. The type of fresh food will vary depending on the species of parrot and the country of origin, so please check carefully before offering foods, and contact us if you have any queries. In general, safe fruit and vegetables include: peas, squash, watercress, spinach and broccoli in small quantities, peppers, sweetcorn, blueberries, grapes, oranges, apples, melon, various lettuce types and herbs etc. Avoid avocados, garlic and chocolate: these are toxic to many animals, including birds. Smaller birds can be extremely susceptible to toxins stored in the seeds and skins of fresh foods. Please wash all fresh items thoroughly and use organic produce where possible. Avoid feeding the stones of stone fruits such as cherries – these may contain cyanide toxins. Food bowls must be kept clean between meals to prevent build-up of bacteria and moulds that can be detrimental to your pet’s health. Ensure that the bowls are both cleaned and disinfected every day: we recommend F10 disinfectant. Food may be scattered at different levels around the enclosure to encourage foraging behaviour. This is recommended but again, environments must be thoroughly cleaned to prevent the build-up of harmful pathogens and to discourage pests such as rodents. Fresh foods should be removed after 12 hours. #### Clean, fresh water must be available at all times. Ensure that the bowl or feeder is cleaned every day to avoid build-up of debris, bacteria and algae. Some birds may prefer water that has been left out for 24 hours to remove fluoride if using tap water. #### Enclosures should be made from safe materials that are specifically designed for birds. Avoid metals which contain accessible zinc (usually contained within galvanized wires) copper or lead, as these are highly toxic to birds. Stainless steel is considered to be safer but there are several companies specializing in safe cages, so it is best to buy from these. You should also ensure that the bars of the enclosure are spaced in such a way that your bird can’t trap their feet or other parts of the body, causing injury. Enclosures should be placed in a well-ventilated, non-draughty area, in a separate air space from cooking fumes and smoke. Hot oils, cooking smoke, candles smoke, Teflon and cigarette smoke are extremely dangerous to birds’ delicate respiratory systems, and many of these can cause death in as little as 24 hours. Parrot species are highly sociable and will be happiest in an area where they are surrounded by family (such as the living room). However, the enclosures should be placed so that there is complete shelter on at least one side and birds are able to see approaching people – in this way, they can both hide but are not constantly experiencing a shock when somebody walks around the corner! Cages may be placed near windows but should be away from draughts and have shelter from direct sunlight. Ideally, the cage should only be used at bedtime, and your bird should have a variety of different perching places around the room for other times. #### Parrots produce a large volume of feather dust, with some species producing more than others. All species should be bathed or sprayed on a daily basis with water at room temperature or a little warmer. Only plain water should be used, and bath times should be carried out during the warmest part of the day if birds are outdoors. #### Clean, fresh bedding that is kept in small quantities in a dry, contained location (to prevent moulds building up) should be provided and must be cleaned and replaced on a daily basis. Floor areas should be thoroughly cleaned every day and disinfected at least twice a week, but ideally every day. #### Environmental enrichment is essential. Some birds can display aggressive behaviour towards each other when bored and can inflict real damage. Food may be placed at various points around the aviary or enclosure to provide enrichment and to reduce competition. Bundles of weeds and grasses (if appropriate) may be tied together and suspended to provide edible toys – chickens love this! Toys should be provided – ensure, if you’re keeping parrots, that these are designed for parrots, as they can be extremely destructive, potentially causing themselves injury on broken toys. Toys should be rotated on a weekly basis to prevent boredom. Plenty of different hiding places and perches should be provided to avoid competition and provide a safe area. Perches should be of a variety of sizes, shapes and materials to allow different parts of the feet to be used at different times, preventing foot sores and ulcers from developing. When using wooden perches, ensure that these are from non-toxic trees that have not been treated with pesticides. Toxic or unsafe trees include Box Elder, Holly, Hemlock, Cherry, Apricot, Oak, Redwood and Yew. Natural wood perches are better than shop-bought, uniform perches, because they allow more exercise for the feet as well as a material to chew. #### Space to exercise: birds were not made to be captive – they were made to fly, and this is both an essential part of their defence mechanism as well as integral to psychological and physical health. Minimum space requirements as specified by European law are that each bird should have space to perch, and to stretch to its full length or height in all directions. In reality, this is nowhere near enough space! Enclosures should be as large as space allows, both as floor space and in height and width, to allow short flights. Birds which do not have access to a large aviary must have daily exercise within a bird-safe room indoors. You should bear in mind that these birds can be very destructive and create hazards for themselves! Ensure that all hazards such as electrical wires, appliances and equipment are kept away from your bird’s exercise environment. Other indoor hazards include toxic fumes, lead paint, air fresheners and scented candles. #### A comfortable environmental temperature should be maintained. The body temperature of a bird is much higher than of a mammal, and feathers provide excellent insulation. However, as many pet species originate from countries close to the equator, they may not be able to withstand our UK winters without supplementary heating if in an outdoor aviary. Plenty of additional nesting materials should be provided for outdoor birds (that must be kept clean and dry), and heated boxes are an ideal way of maintaining temperatures in small areas rather than heating the entire aviary. #### Ultraviolet light is essential for all birds. UV allows up-take and use of dietary calcium, which cannot occur in the absence of UV light. It is particularly important for laying birds. All birds are capable of seeing UVA light, and without it are essentially colour-blind, which can impair their mental well-being – leading to behavioural problems. Birds also use UVB by converting Vitamin D into Vitamin D3, which then aids the absorption of calcium. Calcium plays a vital role in nerve and muscle function, so we recommend that you also provide a source of calcium such as cuttlefish bones or oyster shell. There are also a number of powdered supplements on the market which can be added to food. We recommend Nutrobal as a good all-round supplement for birds. The easiest way to provide ultraviolet lighting is to move your bird enclosure outside for a few hours on sunny days (be careful to avoid extreme temperatures, so that your birds do not over-heat or get too cold). On cooler or dreary days, an avian UV bulb should be provided for a minimum of 6-8 hours per day. Light must be shone from above the birds rather than from the side, and should coincide with normal daylight hours. UVB rays can’t penetrate glass, so a sunny window will unfortunately not suffice. A bird-specific UV lamp should be provided for indoor birds – do not use a lamp that is designed for reptiles or fish, as these can cause seizures in birds. #### Ventilation is essential for your pet’s health Poor ventilation in the housing is frequently the cause of respiratory infection both for indoor and aviary birds. Ventilation should not be confused with air movement! A source of fresh air should be supplied without compromising the ambient temperature, and without causing a draft to flow over your pet – please contact us for more information. #### Birds should be protected from predators at all times, including any pets you may have! This can be challenging when birds are flying indoors, so please keep them in a separate room during exercise sessions. It is imperative not to clip any wing feathers: flight is the only mechanism of defence available to birds and to remove this option causes an extreme level of stress. We strongly discourage clipping of wing feathers for this reason. However, please ensure that windows and doors are closed during flight times to prevent escape of your pet! If using an outdoor aviary, birds should be protected from pests such as rodents and mites, which cause significant clinical disease as well as physical injury. Enclosures should be designed to minimise ease of access, and remaining food in bowls should be removed every day to discourage scavengers or kept out of reach of them. Hanging containers can be good options to prevent rodents and still allow birds to feed. Fresh branches should not be sourced in spring or autumn as these are more likely to have associated mites. If they are, branches should be thoroughly scrubbed (with a brush), cleaned with F10 and allowed to stand for several days before being used in the aviary. **Categories:** Birds, Housing, Husbandry, Poisons & toxins, Stressors and threats **Tags:** diet, enrichment, exercise, housing, minerals, predators, temperature, toxins, UV light, ventilation, vitamins, water --- ### [Surgery](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/09/surgery/) **Published:** February 9, 2025 **Author:** admin **Excerpt:** Although we cannot walk you through the specifics of surgery here, we can give you an idea of what we are talking about with certain terminology, how we decide when to perform surgery, and what some of the common risks are. **Content:** Most pets will have an occasion during their lifetime where they undergo a general anaesthetic to have a surgery. It can be very worrying for owners parting with their pets on the appointed day, particularly because this is an area of care that most people do not witness themselves. Although we cannot walk you through the specifics of surgery here, we can give you an idea of what we are talking about with certain terminology, how we decide when to perform surgery, and what some of the common risks are. Broadly speaking, we refer to surgical procedures as either elective, or non-elective. #### Elective surgery Elective surgery means that we have chosen to do a procedure: it is not an emergency, and there is a choice about whether the surgery is performed or not. These procedures are extensively varied and form the main bulk of procedures that we do. They include neutering operations, non-essential lump removals, ear flush procedures, planned amputations etc. #### Non-elective surgery Non-elective surgeries are those that we have little choice in performing if we wish a patient to improve, and frequently come with more time constraints than elective procedures do. These could include procedures such as pyometra surgery, caesarean sections, traumatic amputations, unplanned splenectomy, removal of foreign bodies in the stomach or intestine etc. We are able to perform a wide range of surgeries in the clinic or the van, on most parts of the body. The vast majority of elective procedures involve a patient going home on the day of the surgery, unless the procedure is performed late in the day or complications arise. Many of the non-elective surgeries are emergency procedures or carry an increased element of risk for the patient. In these cases, we may require you to transport your pet to our out-of-hours partners for continued care through the night. In some cases, your pet may require several days of hospitalisation. In other cases, we may simply wish to ensure your pet’s recovery is as smooth as possible, and request that they stay with us overnight for monitoring. We are not here throughout the night, so we would only recommend this option for patients that we feel comfortable with and confident in their recovery. For both elective and non-elective surgeries, there are certain stipulations that we ask you to meet prior to your pet undergoing a general anaesthetic. These can be found in our Pre-operative care at home article. It is not always possible to achieve these in an urgent situation. If the patient is stable, we may delay surgery for as long as it is safe to do so, to give them a lower anaesthetic risk and stabilize them as much as possible. This could include providing intravenous fluid therapy, antibiosis, or support feeding. For genuine emergencies, we simply have to work with what we have! It can be very difficult as a pet owner and loving ‘parent’ to know whether your pet requires immediate assistance. Everything is an emergency to a worried mum or dad! It is part of our job to triage patients and work out when the best time to operate would be. This depends on many factors, such as implementation of required aftercare at home, stability of the patient before surgery and during any waiting period, clinic opening times and staff availability to give optimum skills, and anticipated recovery times. Rest assured that we are experienced in making these decisions, and do so with the aim of achieving the best outcome for your pet on every occasion. We will always listen to your concerns and weigh them against the clinical situation, and will try to assist and guide you every step of the way. #### Risks The vet will always try to talk you through the risks to any surgical procedure. Inherently, there are four risks that cannot be avoided with any surgery involving a general anaesthetic: - he anaesthetic itself will always be a risk. Most of the time, this risk is very low (0.5% in dogs and cats, <3% in rabbits, <5% in birds and reptiles), but it is increased for paediatric and geriatric patients, those that have chronic disease, and emergency presentations. We may suggest a blood test before your pet has an anaesthetic, to allow us to tailor our choice of sedative to your pet’s body. - Bleeding: any procedure that involves making an incision comes with a risk of cutting a blood vessel. Again, most of the time, bleeding is swiftly and easily controlled. However, there are some major arteries that can be tricky to deal with – even during elective surgeries. - Infection is always a risk when we are opening a body cavity, so we perform clean surgeries in an operating theatre that is as clean as any room can be. Intestinal surgeries carry a far higher risk, because of what they hold inside. Your pet may receive antibiotics before, during and after some surgical procedures, or may require a dressing to be placed and frequently changed. - Wound dehiscence (breakdown) after surgery can be caused by excessive movement by the patient, tension on a wound, reactions to suture material, infections at the operation site, cancerous areas, and by patients scratching or licking at the wound. #### During the procedure We are fully equipped for monitoring sedated and anaesthetized patients effectively both on our ambulance and in our clinic. We monitor heart rate, breathing rate, depth of breathing, as well as the concentrations of oxygen in the blood. We also monitor the percentages of oxygen and carbon dioxide in each breath to allow us to find problems early on and rectify them. We monitor blood pressure and may also have a continuous ECG in place to monitor cardiac function. For anaesthetized patients, we are likely to place a tube into the airway to allow us to breathe for the individual if needed. Patients will have an intravenous access point inserted wherever possible, so that we can administer medications. We may recommend concurrent fluid therapy to support blood pressure – this can be administered in a number of ways depending on the species, and facilities are available for all of these. #### Discharge Patients are usually discharged with a nurse, who will run through the care required at home, any medications your pet may need, and any required changes to their feeding or exercise regimes. Common post-operative information can be found in our article about that. The nurse will also check on your pet usually around a week after surgery is performed, to ensure that the wound is healing well and that your pet is comfortable. We can address any queries or concerns you may have at this time, although we would always ask you to contact us with pressing queries before your appointment. **Categories:** Services, Surgery --- ### [Applying a poultice](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2024/12/30/applying-a-poultice/) **Published:** December 30, 2024 **Author:** admin **Excerpt:** Applying a poultice can be a useful way of removing small foreign bodies from paws – for example grass seeds, thorns and splinters. **Content:** Applying a poultice can be a useful way of removing small foreign bodies from paws – for example, grass seeds, thorns and splinters. Veterinary care should be sought if there is any pus, swelling or heat around the paw, if there is unremitting pain/lameness, or if the foreign body has not been extracted within 24 hours of applying the poultice. #### How to do apply a poultice Boil some water and leave it to cool to a comfortable but warm temperature. Take a wad of cotton wool big enough to cover your pet’s paw and soak it in the water. Wrap the soaked cotton wool around the affected foot and then cover it in cling film. Secure the poultice with bandaging tape. Take care to ensure that the tape securing the poultice is not too tight. If any swelling occurs around the dressing, remove the poultice immediately. Do not leave the poultice on for longer than 24 hours. Remove the poultice if your pet becomes distressed. If after 24 hours the foreign body does not appear to have made its way out, seek veterinary attention. **Categories:** Cats, Dogs, Ferrets, First aid at home, Guinea-pigs, Injuries, Rabbits, Rodents, Small mammals **Tags:** bandage, foreign body, grass seeds, heat, paw, pus, swellin, tape --- ### [Post-operative care at home](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/09/post-operative-care-at-home/) **Published:** February 9, 2025 **Author:** admin **Excerpt:** Information about post-operative care from what to expect after a sedation or general anaesthetic, discharge from the clinic and what to prepare at home. **Content:** This information about post-operative care is designed to help you to prepare for your pet’s discharge after a sedation or general anaesthetic, what to expect, and what to prepare at home. If you are unsure about anything or wish to discuss any aspect of the procedure with us, please contact us. #### Recovering from a sedation or anaesthetic The vet may request that your pet remains in care overnight as a precaution, if your pet is slow to recover or if the procedure is performed in the afternoon. Your pet can then be carefully monitored throughout their recovery. In some cases, we may ask you to take your pet to our out-of-hours provider’s hospital for overnight care. #### Eating after anaesthesia Many of our smaller patients need to eat immediately after their anaesthetic. We recommend that birds, reptiles and small mammals are provided with a treat packet of their favourite foods, to stimulate them to eat as soon as possible. We may feed your pet by feeding tube, if they are reluctant to eat themselves. Of course, dogs, cats, parrots and reptiles will also be extremely grateful for their favourite foods after an anaesthetic! A small, tasty snack is often just the thing to make them feel better after waking up, so please do bring favoured delicacies with you. #### What to expect after an anaesthetic or sedation Your pet may receive an intravenous injection during their visit, for which a patch of hair may be clipped from one or more legs and / or over the neck. If your pet has a light-coloured hair coat, please note that the hair growing back over these areas may be very dark. The coat will return to its normal colour once your pet moults. If your pet gets very anxious about having blood taken or is needle-shy, please inform the nurse or vet. Your pet may feel a little drowsy for 12-24 hours after an anaesthetic, so may not been keen to eat. Bland food may be provided in small portions to help encourage them with their appetite. Examples include boiled chicken or white fish, boiled white rice, and boiled potatoes for cats and dogs, whilst small herbivorous mammals may appreciate their pelleted or cereal diet in small quantities. Some pets will be very hungry and will want to eat lots – this is also normal! Please do not feed large volumes of food at once – little and often is much better. Please offer an additional meal a few hours later, if required. If your pet has had an anaesthetic, it is likely that a tube will have been passed into the windpipe to allow us to regulate breathing during the procedure. This can cause some irritation in the following days, so your pet may cough that could last for up to 10 days. Sedatives and anaesthetics react with different patients in different ways. Your pet may be fine following the procedure, or may experience 24-48 hours of vomiting, diarrhoea or constipation. Ensuring constant hydration will help these side-effects to resolve as swiftly as possible. #### Exercise and medications Following some procedures, your pet may need to wear a buster collar or body suit, and may have exercise restricted. Please be vigilant in following directions from your vet – we know this can be difficult, but we are trying to limit the damage to your pet! It is essential that your pet does not lick or chew at any operation site or stitches. Your pet may be sent home with medications, and we will demonstrate how and when to use these. If you are having difficulty administering them or are concerned your pet is in pain, please contact us as soon as possible. **Categories:** Post-operative care at home, Surgery --- ### [Broken blood feathers and bleeding nails](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2024/12/30/broken-blood-feathers-and-bleeding-nails/) **Published:** December 30, 2024 **Author:** admin **Excerpt:** Advice for dealing with bleeding blood feathers, which also applies to bleeding nails **Content:** The below advice is focused on treating broken blood feathers, but can also be applied to other bleeds, such as those caused by a broken nail. Both broken blood feathers and bleeding nails can be alarming, but rapid action can help to staunch the flow whilst you seek assistance. #### Blood feathers Blood feathers are the newly developing feathers that usually occur in baby birds or that grow to replace feathers lost through moulting in adult birds. Since they are actively growing, these feathers have a large blood supply within the shaft to support them. (These blood vessels then regress as the feather matures). #### Broken blood feathers Occasionally, the shaft of a blood feather can become broken through trauma, which then causes significant bleeding. This should be considered as an emergency requiring veterinary attention as soon as possible. However, there are steps you can take which will slow or stop the bleeding at home until you can have the bird assessed by a vet. **Do not attempt to remove the feather yourself.** #### Slowing or stopping the bleeding of a feather or claw There are a number of items that you may have to hand which will act as a coagulant to help slow or stop bleeding. These include: cornflour, icing sugar or potassium permanganate crystals. These can be applied to the site of the bleed using cotton wool, gauze or a cotton bud. #### Applying pressure If possible, firm pressure should then be applied to the site using cotton wool or gauze. This should be physically held in place with your fingers for several minutes. Applying pressure to the site of the bleed will help to slow the bleeding further, or stop it altogether. For birds, the success of this will depend on whether your birds will tolerate being handled. Excessive stress can worsen the situation, so you should take extra care not to cause more distress. If the bird appears to panic, avoid excessive handling and apply cornflour or icing sugar as detailed above. The bird should then be kept as calm as possible until veterinary help is available. Dimming the lights and keeping them in a quiet area will help to keep your bird calm. For pets with broken claws, applying pressure to the claw may initially be painful. If your pet can tolerate firm pressure and does not panic, proceed with this treatment for several minutes. Panic will increase the blood pressure and may increase bleeding, so if your pet is strongly resisting having its foot held, use icing sugar or cornflour, as above. #### Veterinary treatment Even if you have managed to stop the bleeding, you should seek veterinary treatment for any animal which has experienced significant blood loss. Veterinary treatment usually involves safely removing the blood feather or some of the nail under anaesthetic, so that further trauma and subsequent bleeding can be avoided. Many birds will cause further trauma to themselves if the broken blood feather is left in place. It may be that your pet also requires supportive treatment such as fluid therapy, to help their bodies cope with the blood loss. #### Aftercare Your bird is likely to feel very tired and weak for a few days after experiencing a blood loss. You should help support their recovery by ensuring they consume extra fluids (you can try dipping favourite foods in water if they aren’t drinking for themselves) and by keeping them calm and rested until their energy levels have returned to normal. The vast majority of birds will recover quickly with treatment, but it is important to monitor them carefully and seek veterinary help if you do not feel as though they are starting to make a steady improvement within the first day or two. It is rare that animals with a broken nail will require additional fluids, but any patient that has experienced heavy bleeding may require additional support. Aftercare for other species is also in the form of increased oral fluid, rest and TLC. Veterinary assistance should always be sought if you are concerned your pet is not brighter within the first 24 hours of a bleed. **Categories:** Birds, Cats, Ferrets, First aid at home, Guinea-pigs, Injuries, Rabbits, Rodents, Small mammals **Tags:** bleeding, blood feathers, claws, nails --- ### [Cracked and sore skin](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2024/12/30/cracked-and-sore-skin/) **Published:** December 30, 2024 **Author:** admin **Excerpt:** Reasons why your pet may be experiencing sore and cracked skin, and what to do **Content:** Cracked and sore skin can sometimes be a sign of other underlying conditions. It can be caused by a parasite burden, hormonal diseases or allergy. Although not considered to be an emergency, persistent skin conditions should be assessed by a vet for further treatment and to investigate underlying causes. Minor cases can be treated at home in the event that you are unable to obtain an appointment. You should monitor your pet carefully and seek advice if the condition worsens or fails to improve. #### Treating cracked or sore skin Animals will typically cause further trauma to any part of their body which is sore or irritated. This should be prevented where possible with the placement of buster collars, t-shirts or (breathable) socks. #### Method Any open sores should be cleaned (please see our page on cleaning [minor wounds](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2024/12/30/minor-wounds/)) and an emollient used on dry areas. Please do not use perfumed creams, because these can be irritating to unbroken skin, and painful on exposed areas. We recommend emollients such as aqueous cream or E45, both of which are safe if ingested (although they work best if your pet does not lick them off). The area can also be protected with a barrier ointment such as Vaseline. Cracked paws can be covered with breathable socks. Animals that live on bedding such as wood shavings or sand should be placed on a substrate such as newspaper until the skin heals. This is to stop any debris sticking to the sore areas or aggravating it further. **Categories:** Cats, Dogs, Ferrets, First aid at home, Guinea-pigs, Rabbits, Rodents, Small mammals **Tags:** buster collar, debris, emollient, parasites, trauma, underlying conditions --- ### [Essentials of keeping snakes](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/01/28/essentials-of-keeping-snakes/) **Published:** January 28, 2025 **Author:** admin **Excerpt:** All the do's and don'ts of keeping snakes **Content:** This post tells you about all the essentials for keeping your snake happy and healthy. ### Ensure a suitable food source for the size of your snake It is illegal to provide live food in the UK. All food should be thoroughly defrosted overnight in warm water before feeding, and ideally warmed a little before being offered. Different snakes have different taste buds, so try a variety of species. Ensure food is of good quality. Day-old chicks no not provide a balanced diet. Care must be taken with food hygiene to avoid food poisoning – for you and your pet! ### A water source must be available and should be large enough for your snake to sit in, if desired Not all snakes will drink – the majority of their fluid intake comes from their prey – but they should have the facility to do so, if desired. Water soaks will also help with shedding. Water baths should be appropriate to species type (fresh water, brackish water etc.) – please contact us for more information on this. #### Vivariums These should be large enough to provide a heat and humidity gradient. There should be space to allow your pet to move around, and they must have adequate ventilation. Snakes are sometimes kept in drawer systems: whilst these may provide enough space for very young snakes, ventilation, heat and humidity are often compromised and these systems cannot be condoned as a long-term option. Substrates vary widely and many are suitable, but please check any wood chips used are not toxic for your pet. For more information or to chat about options, please do not hesitate to contact us. Vivariums should be cleaned thoroughly with a quaternary ammonium compound on a regular basis. #### Environmental enrichment Hides are essential for your pet to allow them to relax and feel secure. Try to make the vivarium environment as close to the natural environment as possible. Sphagnum moss may be useful to help with shedding. #### Heat Heat must be supplied and thermometers fitted to ensure a correct gradient is maintained. Bulbs must be covered with a guard to prevent your pet from sustaining thermal burns. Heated rocks can easily cause burns if not on a thermostat and may be best avoided. A hot spot should be available at one end of the vivarium under the heat bulb, with the opposite end of the vivarium offering cooler climes. Heat and light sources should be separate to allow heating without lighting the area over night. Not all species are blind to infra-red light. #### Ultraviolet light should be provided Although some snakes have been proven to make their own calcium, research does not exist for all species and the role of ultraviolet light in snake health is largely unknown. We fully corroborate natural environments wherever possible, which means exposing your pet to UV light. Bulbs should be replaced every 6 months and should be covered with a guard and a reflector to prevent thermal burns and damage to your eyes. Bulbs should be of the correct intensity for your pet’s species environment, and must be placed at a position above your pet so that the beams shine down (like sunlight). If the bulb is too close to your pet’s line of vision and shines into their eyes, blindness may eventually result – it would be like staring at the sun for a long period of time. #### A humidity gradient must be maintained that is appropriate for your pet’s species. Desert species need very little moisture whilst tropical species must not dry out. Fitting hygrometers at both ends of the vivarium will allow monitoring of the gradient. Sphagnum moss may be useful in providing an area of higher humidity – please contact us for more information. #### Ventilation This is absolutely essential for the health of any snake, and poor ventilation is frequently the cause of respiratory infection. Ventilation is not, however, to be confused with air movement. Adding a fan to the room will not improve the ventilation, it will simply push contaminated air around the room! A source of fresh air should be supplied without compromising the heat or humidity gradients – please contact us for more information. #### Safety from predators, including your pets, at all times. Never leave your dog or cat with your snake when unsupervised – although they may seem indifferent to each other, instinct is strong in predatory species. It will only take one slip-up for your dog or cat to kill your snake, or in some cases, for your snake to eat your dog or cat! #### Regular health care We recommend six monthly check-ups for all species to keep up-to-date with their general health. Snakes will hide any signs of ill health until they cannot keep going any longer, so if you notice any change in your pet, please bring them for a check-up as soon as possible. **Categories:** Diets, Housing, Husbandry, Injuries, Reptiles & amphibians, Stressors and threats **Tags:** burns, diet, enrichment, heating, hotspot, housing, humidity, hygrometers, infra-red light, predators, shedding, Snakes, sphagnum moss, UV light, ventilation, vivarium, water --- ### [Essentials of keeping lizards](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/01/28/essentials-of-keeping-lizards/) **Published:** January 28, 2025 **Author:** admin **Excerpt:** Everything you need to think about when looking after lizards **Content:** This post tells you about all the essentials for keeping your lizard happy and healthy. #### Ensure a suitable food source for your lizard’s species Please check the nutritional requirements of your pet carefully or contact us for advice. Juvenile lizards need more protein than adults and diets may change with age. Adult Bearded Dragons should have a diet of over 85% vegetation, whilst younger individuals should have around 90% insects. Green iguanas are strict vegetarians and feeding protein sources such as chicken and crab sticks can be extremely detrimental to their health. Food should ideally be dispersed to encourage foraging, but please ensure any bowls used are cleaned thoroughly with a quaternary ammonium compound. #### A supply of vitamins and minerals These should include calcium and may be given either by gut loading insects, dusting food, or providing powders in a bowl for your pet to lick. Ensure your pet does receive these supplements in one form or another to avoid profound ill health developing over time. #### A water source must be available and should be large enough for your pet to sit in, if desired. Not all lizards will drink – the majority of their fluid intake may come from their diet – but they should have the facility to do so, if desired. Water soaks will also help with shedding. Water baths should be appropriate to species type (fresh water, brackish water etc) – please contact us for more information on this. Arboreal species may drink from branches and may need regular spraying or a dripper system. #### Vivariums or enclosures These should be large enough to provide a heat and humidity gradient. There should be room to allow your pet to move around, and they must have adequate ventilation. Substrates vary widely and many are suitable, but please check any wood chips used are not toxic for your pet. For more information or to chat about options, please do not hesitate to contact us. Housing areas should be cleaned thoroughly with a quaternary ammonium compound on a regular basis. Arboreal species will need height as well as floor space. #### Space to exercise Lizards are often very active individuals and may travel large distances on a daily basis in the wild, so exercise is extremely important. If the vivarium is not large enough to allow exercise, provisions should be made for supervised exercise sessions in warm areas elsewhere on a daily basis. #### Environmental enrichment Hides are essential for your pet to allow them to relax and feel secure. Try to make the vivarium environment as close to the natural environment as possible. Sphagnum moss may be useful to help with shedding. #### Heat must be supplied and thermometers fitted to ensure a correct gradient is maintained. Bulbs must be covered with a guard to prevent your pet from sustaining thermal burns. Heated rocks can easily cause burns if not on a thermostat and may be best avoided. If using heat mats, fit them in an appropriate place for the species (on the wall for arboreal species or on the floor for ground-dwellers) and ideally use thermostats. A hot spot should be available at one end of the vivarium under the heat bulb, with the opposite end of the vivarium offering cooler climbs. Heat and light sources should be separate to allow heating without lighting the area over night. Not all species are blind to infra-red light. #### Ultraviolet light should be provided for all species. The role of ultraviolet light in reptile health is largely unknown, but it is essential in diurnal species to allow calcium uptake from the diet and production within the body. We fully corroborate natural environments wherever possible. This means exposing your pet to UV light during the day, even if it is a nocturnal species. Bulbs should be replaced every 6 months and should be covered with a guard and a reflector to prevent thermal burns to your pet and damage to your eyes. Bulbs should be of the correct intensity for your pet’s species environment, and should be separate from the heat source. UV light should be available whilst your pet is eating and digesting (for diurnal species). Bulbs must be placed at a position above your pet so that the beams shine down (like sunlight). If the bulb is too close to your pet’s line of vision and shines into their eyes, blindness may eventually result – it would be like staring at the sun for a long period of time. #### A humidity gradient must be maintained that is appropriate for your pet’s species. Desert species need very little moisture whilst tropical species must not dry out. Fitting hygrometers at both ends of the vivarium will allow monitoring of the gradient. Sphagnum moss may be useful in providing an area of higher humidity – please contact us for more information. #### Ventilation This is absolutely essential for the health of any lizard, and poor ventilation is frequently the cause of respiratory infection. Ventilation is not, however, to be confused with air movement. Adding a fan to the room will not improve the ventilation, it will simply push contaminated air around the room! A source of fresh air should be supplied without compromising the heat or humidity gradients. Please contact us for more information. #### Safety from predators, including your pets, at all times. Never leave your dog or cat with your lizard when unsupervised: it will only take one slip-up for your dog or cat to kill a small lizard, and large species such as iguanas and monitors can inflict severe damage on your dog or cat! #### Regular health care We recommend six monthly check-ups for all species to keep up-to-date with their general health. Lizards hide any signs of ill health until they cannot keep going any longer, so if you notice any change in your pet, please bring them for a check-up as soon as possible. **Categories:** Diets, Housing, Husbandry, Injuries, Reptiles & amphibians, Stressors and threats **Tags:** Bearded dragon, blindness, calcium, enclosure, exercise, foraging, healthcare, heating, hotspot, humidity, hygrometers, iguana, lighting, minerals, predators, sphagnum moss, substrates, UV light, ventilation, vitamins, vivarium, water --- ### [Essentials of keeping tortoises](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/01/28/essentials-of-keeping-tortoises/) **Published:** January 28, 2025 **Author:** admin **Excerpt:** All the things you need to consider for looking after your tortoise well **Content:** Here is a list of the essentials you need to provide to keep your tortoise happy and healthy. #### A suitable food source for your tortoise’s species Please check the nutritional requirements of your pet carefully or contact us for advice. Many tortoises are vegetarian and require very low levels of proteinaceous food in their diets. However, there are some species that may eat carrion. Food should be dispersed over a wide area to encourage foraging. If bowls are used, please ensure that they are cleaned thoroughly with a quaternary ammonium compound. As a guide, a \[vegetarian\] tortoise should eat a pile of grasses and weeds roughly the same size as its body each day. #### A supply of vitamins and minerals This should include calcium, they may be given by dusting food with the supplement. Be aware that many tortoises will not eat the food if they see you applying them! Some tortoises may lick vitamin blocks or eat grated (or whole) cuttlefish. Ensure your pet does receive these supplements in one form or another to avoid profound ill health developing over time. #### A water source must be available Tortoises do need to drink on a regular basis! Desert species require less water than tropical species, but water should be provided for all species. In order to drink, a tortoise needs to be able to fully submerge its head in the water, so a bowl will not be adequate. Tortoises should instead be bathed in hand hot water that comes up to the top of the first line of scutes (shell segments) from the floor, or to the top of the ‘skirt’. The water must be deep enough to allow the head to be fully submerged, but shallow enough to allow your pet to lift its head from the water easily. Baths should last for around 10-15 minutes, or until the water cools. Your tortoise is likely to pass urates in the bath – this will happen once they are fully hydrated, so they should be removed from the bath at this time and not left to sit in contaminated water. A permanent bath may be provided so long as a suitable ramp is in place to facilitate getting in and out – this must allow suitable grip for your pet. #### Vivariums or enclosures These should be large enough to provide a heat and humidity gradient. There should be space to allow your pet to move around, and they must have adequate ventilation. Substrates vary widely and many are suitable, but please check any wood chips used are not toxic for your pet. For more information or to chat about options, please do not hesitate to contact us. Housing areas should be cleaned thoroughly with a quaternary ammonium compound on a regular basis. If a tortoise table is used, it is a good idea to provide a box area with a heat source inside – otherwise, heat will simply dissipate and your pet will be too cold on an almost permanent basis. #### Space to exercise Tortoises can travel large distances on a daily basis in the wild depending on the species, so exercise is extremely important. If the housing is not large enough to allow exercise, provisions should be made for supervised exercise sessions in warm areas elsewhere on a daily basis. #### Environmental enrichment Hides are essential for your pet to allow them to relax and feel secure. Try to make the vivarium environment as close to the natural environment as possible. Tortoises like to hide in grasses and thorn thickets that allow dappled light through naturally, so supplying handfuls of dried grasses can be a good idea. #### Heat must be supplied and thermometers fitted to ensure a correct gradient is maintained Bulbs must be covered with a guard to prevent your pet from sustaining thermal burns. Tortoises will try to climb most things, so do not be fooled into thinking your tortoise will not be tall enough to touch the bulb! Heated rocks can easily cause burns if not on a thermostat and may be best avoided. Heat mats can be ideal for tortoises and should be placed on the floor – these should be used with a thermostat. A hot spot should be available at one end of the vivarium under the heat bulb, with the opposite end of the vivarium offering cooler climbs. Heat and light sources should be separate to allow heating without lighting the area over night. Tortoises can see infra-red light so these bulbs are not appropriate. #### Ultraviolet light This should be provided for all species because it is essential for calcium uptake from the diet and its production within the body. It also plays a large part in maintaining health and happiness and speeding healing, although the mechanisms for these processes are unknown. UV bulbs should be replaced every 6 months and should be covered with a guard and a reflector. This is to prevent thermal burns to your pet and damage to your eyes. Bulbs should be of the correct intensity for your pet’s species environment, and should be separate from the heat source. UV light must be available whilst your pet is eating and digesting (for diurnal species), and must be placed at a position above your pet so that the beams shine down (like sunlight). If the bulb is too close to your pet’s line of vision and shines into their eyes, blindness may eventually result – it would be like staring at the sun for a long period of time. #### A humidity gradient must be maintained that is appropriate for your pet’s species Desert species need very little moisture whilst tropical species must not dry out. Fitting hygrometers at both ends of the enclosure will allow monitoring of the gradient. Sphagnum moss may be useful in providing an area of higher humidity if required – please contact us for more information. Prolonged periods of high humidity with poor ventilation can cause chronic pneumonia in these species, so regular air movement is also essential. #### Ventilation This is absolutely essential for your tortoise’s health, and poor ventilation is frequently the cause of respiratory infection. Ventilation is not, however, to be confused with air movement. Adding a fan to the room will not improve the ventilation, it will simply push contaminated air around the room! A source of fresh air should be supplied without compromising the heat or humidity gradients, and without causing a draft to flow over your pet – please contact us for more information. #### Safety from predators, including your pets, at all times Never leave your dog or cat with your tortoise when unsupervised. Dogs in particular often view tortoises as a chewy toy or moving bone, and it only takes one lapse in attention for your dog to inflict often life-threatening injuries or even eat a tortoise completely. Even dogs that have ignored tortoises for years may slip up and chew your tortoise – it is a natural behaviour so the responsibility for vigilance lies with you, the owner! #### Regular health care We recommend six monthly check-ups for all species to keep up-to-date with their general health. Tortoises take a long time to demonstrate any signs of ill health, but by the time that they do, damage has frequently already been done. The recovery period is even slower, so if you notice any change in your pet, please bring them for a check-up as soon as possible. **Categories:** Diets, Housing, Husbandry, Poisons & toxins, Reptiles & amphibians, Stressors and threats, Tortoises, terrapins & turtles **Tags:** Brumation, calcium, enclosure, enrichment, exercise, heating, humidity, lighting, minerals, predators, substrates, UV light, ventilation, vitamins, vivarium, water --- ### [Essentials of keeping terrapins & turtles](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/01/28/essentials-of-keeping-terrapins-and-turtles/) **Published:** January 28, 2025 **Author:** admin **Excerpt:** All the basic information you need to have happy and healthy terrapins and turtles **Content:** This post tells you about all the essentials for keeping terrapins and turtles – housing, environment, light, heating, water and enrichment #### A suitable food source for your pet’s species Please check the nutritional requirements of your pet carefully or contact us for advice. Diets should be varied: feeding prawns every day is both a nutritionally deficient diet in many cases and also provides too much fat. Terrapins and turtles often have specific taste preferences, so try to provide as many natural foods that would be available to that species in the wild as you can. Providing a good quality diet is provided, supplements should not be required in these species. #### Water quality must be kept at a high level for these species, which means regular water quality testing should be performed Ensure that you provide the correct water type for your species – salt water turtles will not survive in fresh water for long and vice versa. Water sources should be well oxygenated and kept clean from food debris. It is a good idea to feed your terrapin or turtle in a separate container to the living space if possible. This so that the permanent water source remains clean and the feeding tank can be thoroughly cleaned. If this is not possible, ensure that your pet is not over-fed – surplus food will start to degrade and bacteria and fungi will accumulate in the water. #### Space to exercise Terrapins and turtles can travel large distances on a daily basis in the wild depending on the species, so exercise is extremely important. They should have plenty of space to swim. If the housing is not large enough to allow exercise, provisions should be made for supervised exercise sessions in warm areas elsewhere on a daily basis. #### Environmental enrichment Hides are essential for your pet to allow them to relax and feel secure. Try to make the vivarium environment as close to the natural environment as possible. #### Heating This should be provided to the water for those species that need a warmer water climate. A water-safe thermometer should be used to ensure the temperature is constant. A dry area should be provided that your tortoise or terrapin can easily access via a ramp, and this area should be heated with a heat bulb so that your pet can bask. Bulbs should be covered with a guard to prevent your pet from sustaining thermal burns. Pay particular care to ensure that and any wires are well away from any water sources. Heat mats and other supplementary heating items should not be used. Heat and light sources should be separate to allow heating without lighting the area over night. #### Ultraviolet light This should be provided for all species and tank lighting is readily available from many pet shops. UV bulbs should be replaced every 6 months. UV light must be available whilst your pet is eating and digesting but should be turned off over night. #### Safety from predators, including your pets, at all times Never leave your pet open to attacks from a dog or cat that decides to go fishing! Tanks should be secure at all times, including the basking area. #### Regular health care We recommend six monthly check-ups for terrapins and turtles to keep up-to-date with their general health. If you notice any change in your pet, please bring them for a check-up as soon as possible. **Categories:** Diets, Housing, Husbandry, Reptiles & amphibians, Stressors and threats, Tortoises, terrapins & turtles **Tags:** diet, enrichment, exercise, food, heat lamp, heating, predators, UV light --- ### [Essentials of keeping gerbils, mice, rats and hamsters](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/01/28/essentials-of-keeping-gerbils-mice-rats-and-hamsters/) **Published:** January 28, 2025 **Author:** admin **Excerpt:** Essentials for keeping gerbils, mice, rats and hamsters happy and healthy - diet, housing, enrichment, company, exercise and care **Content:** This post tells you about all the essentials for keeping gerbils, mice, rats and hamsters happy and healthy – diet, housing, enrichment, company, exercise and care. #### Good quality food that is species-specific We have recommended foods on our diet pages to help with your food selection process. It is important to ensure that your pet receives plenty of vitamins and minerals. Ideally, food should be dispersed in the living space to encourage foraging and prevent boredom. However, if using bowls, please ensure that they are cleaned thoroughly on a daily basis. Small mammals travel huge distances in the wild to forage for food, and eat a variety of plants. Remember that species such as rats are omnivores, and may require additional protein in their diet. #### Fresh water must be available and accessible at all times Small mammals frequently find using a water bottle difficult – no wild small animal will crane its head at an odd position to drink if there is a ground source available! Please offer water in a bowl instead of or as well as a water bottle. Bottles and bowls should be cleaned regularly to avoid build-up of algae and bacteria that can cause ill health or block the water bottle spout. #### A hutch or cage of suitable size should be available Please contact us if you are thinking of purchasing any of these species for more information. Gerbils will need plenty of height as well as floor area. They love to rearrange their houses on a regular basis – do not be offended if they change your set-up! All species require different floor levels to move between, and as much space as possible should be provided. #### Space to exercise Exercise is extremely important to prevent obesity and diabetes mellitus, and to promote natural behaviour. These animals would forage all day in the wild so require huge amounts of exercise. Try to avoid exercise wheels: these are detrimental to spinal health and have been known to cause fatalities for animals struggling to get off again. #### Environmental enrichment Hiding places are essential for all of these species, whether indoor or outdoor, and help to dramatically reduce stress. Hides can range from commercially available products to bits of old drain pipe, flower pots, or old toilet rolls. A variety of toys should also be provided, ideally that can be gnawed on. These should be replaced and refreshed regularly to provide more chewing opportunity, and to prevent boredom. #### Safety from predators, including your pets, at all times Never leave your dog or cat with your small mammal when unsupervised. Although they may be the best of friends, instinct is strong in predatory species. It only takes one slip for your dog or cat to kill your small pet by accident, leaving everyone devastated. We can never blame dogs and cats for hunting –it is simply their nature. Never leave your pet in an exercise ball in plain view of a predator. #### Regular health care We recommend six monthly check-ups as a bare minimum for all species, to keep up-to-date with their general health. These animals are prey species and are designed to hide any signs of ill health until they cannot keep going any longer. If you notice any change in your pet, please bring them for a check-up as soon as possible. **Categories:** Diets, Housing, Husbandry, Rodents, Small mammals, Stressors and threats **Tags:** enrichment, exercise, food, housing, predators, water --- ### [Pet dental care](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/10/pet-dental-care/) **Published:** February 10, 2025 **Author:** admin **Excerpt:** Pet dental care and oral health are key to keeping them happy and healthy. The right diet, water and enrichment can help, as can daily brushing (species-dependent!) **Content:** Sometimes, even with the most diligent care, our pets’ oral health deteriorates. This could be a result of genetics, illness, accident, repeated trauma, or immune factors. Not all of our pets are compliant with having their teeth brushed. For owners, sometimes there are simply not enough hours in the day to keep up with pet dental care. Small mammals may be greatly affected by the diet offered. Teeth can even be affected by the water source! Many species suffer with dental disease. Depending on the type of pet you have, certain dental problems are more likely than others. For example, dogs, cats and bearded dragons are likely to suffer with calculus build-up and caries (holes in the enamel). Rabbits, guinea-pigs and degus are more likely to have tooth over-growth and development of sharp dental spurs. Small rodents frequently fracture their teeth by chewing on metal bars, which can alter subsequent dental growth. #### How to maintain your pet’s oral and dental health We recommend daily brushing of your pet’s teeth if you have a **dog**, **cat**, **ferret** **or similar species**. Please see related articles for more information on how best to do this. For **reptiles** such as bearded dragons, we recommend a diet that is 85% vegetable material for adults – preferably a mixture of weeds and vegetables. This will help to prevent calculus formation, although your pet may require a dental scale and polish to remove any calculus that has already formed. For **rabbits** and **rodents** like **guinea-pigs** and **degus**, please see our diet pages for information on the best foods to feed to wear the teeth. We recommend withholding concentrates (pellets or mixed feeds) where possible, and concentrating on more roughage. This will ensure their teeth are worn down constantly, helping to prevent dental spur formation. If spurs are already present, these will need to be removed. All **rodents** require plenty of gnawing toys and sticks, plenty of space, and plenty to do. These should prevent them from chewing on the cage bars too much! Some animals of all species may have inherent conformation problems such as an over- or undershot jaw. This causes improper occlusion of the teeth, leading to various other problems. Unfortunately, these pets are likely to require routine dental treatment throughout their lives. Whatever the reason, if your pet has dirty or painful teeth, they need some help! We can provide the pet dental care and assistance that is needed. We will not judge you or your pet: we just want to get that mouth cleaned up and fit for future service! **Categories:** Cats, Dental, Dogs, Ferrets, Guinea-pigs, Husbandry, Rabbits, Reptiles & amphibians, Rodents, Small mammals --- ### [Feeding parrots](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2024/12/30/feeding-parrots/) **Published:** December 30, 2024 **Author:** admin **Excerpt:** When feeding parrots, it should be noted that they come from many different parts of the world and their natural diet will vary between species **Content:** When feeding parrots, it should be noted that they come from many different parts of the world and some of the food they would naturally come across may differ slightly between species. You should therefore take into consideration the area your bird is native to when choosing a diet. For example, budgerigars and cockatiels are native to Australia and so their natural diet would consist more of grasses, whereas an Amazon parrot is more likely to encounter tropical fruit in the wild. Here in the UK, we might not be able to replicate their diet entirely, but we should aim to offer a diet that is as close as possible to their natural one. As general rule for parrots, we recommend the same guidelines of feeding 33% fruit, 33% veg and 33% carbohydrates. #### Selective feeding It is not unusual to come across parrots that refuse to try new food and who insist on living solely on sunflower seeds, peanuts or similar. These are high in fat, low in nutrients and unfortunately very detrimental to the parrot, if fed exclusively. A diet of sunflower seeds can lead to a number of health problems such as: heart disease, obesity, fatty liver disease and calcium deficiency (leading to seizures and bone diseases). We recommend reserving sunflower seeds and nuts to use only as treats. #### Feed parrots seeds vs pelleted diets Seeds are fine for many birds, but for birds who feed selectively, we recommend moving them onto a pelleted diet. Pelleted diets are essentially ground up and re-formed seeds and are often enhanced with an appropriate amount of vitamins and minerals. By feeding pellets, the bird is unable to selectively feed and therefore will be receiving a more balanced diet (when combined with fruit and vegetables). Another option for birds is ‘Nutri-Berries’. Nutri-berries are whole and semi-whole seeds which are adhered together and coated with vitamins and minerals. This helps reduce selective feeding, as well as provide the added enrichment of having something to break apart. These can be a good option for birds who won’t accept pelleted diets. #### Feeding parrots fruit, vegetables and plants These should form a large part of your parrot’s diet, and a wide variety should be offered – the more colourful the diet, the better! #### Safe fruit, vegetables and plants - Berries – including blueberries, raspberries and cranberries - Strawberries - Apples and pears\* - Grapes - Peaches\* - Apricots\* - Satsumas - Mango - Melon - Papaya - Pomegranate - Bell Peppers - Squashes and courgettes - Carrots - Peas, sweetcorn and pulses - Sweet potato - Dandelion - Kale - Spinach - Watercress - Marigolds - Nasturtiums \* Pips and stones should be avoided. #### Foods to avoid #### Toxic foods The below list is of food that is toxic to many species of animal, including parrots. These should be avoided at all times. - Avocados - Stones and seeds from fruit such as cherries, peaches and apples (the flesh of the fruit itself is fine) - Anything from the allium family, such as: onions, garlic, leeks and chives. - Caffeine (tea, coffee etc.) - Chocolate - Alcohol - Dried beans (cooked beans are fine) - Dairy products: parrots are lactose intolerant and dairy products will likely lead to digestive upsets such as diarrhoea, so should be avoided. - Treats (in excess!) Many owners confess to us that they sometimes give their birds a treat such as toast. Generally we advise keeping treats to a minimum, however having something ‘naughty’ that your parrot likes to eat can be very useful in the event of them needing medication! Therefore the occasional (small) treat is absolutely fine, as long as it is not toxic. #### Ultraviolet lighting and calcium Broad spectrum UV lighting is highly beneficial to birds. Birds are capable of seeing UVA light, and without it are essentially colour-blind, which can impair their mental well-being – leading to behavioural problems. Birds also use UVB by converting Vitamin D into Vitamin D3, which then aids the absorption of calcium. Calcium plays a vital role in nerve and muscle function, so we recommend that you also provide a source of calcium such as cuttlefish bones and oyster shell. There are also a number of powder supplements on the market which can be added to food. We recommend Nutrobal and Avimix as a good all-round supplements for birds. The easiest way to provide ultra-violet lighting is to move your bird enclosure outside for a few hours on sunny days (be careful to avoid extreme temperatures, so that your birds do not over-heat or get too cold). UVB rays can’t penetrate glass, so a sunny window will unfortunately not suffice. A bird-specific UV lamp should be provided for indoor birds – do not use a lamp that is designed for reptiles or fish, as these can cause seizures in birds. #### Water All birds should have 24 hour access to clean drinking water. Some birds like to use their water bowls as a bath, so ensure the water is changed regularly. #### Transitioning a parrot onto a healthier diet Many parrots are fed seed-based diets and will often refuse to eat anything else. A seed diet alone will not provide your bird with the nutrients required for a balanced diet. This can then lead to malnutrition and disease. Seeds in themselves are not bad for your parrot- they provide useful energy in the form of carbohydrates, as well as enrichment activities. (Such as when your parrot uses their beak to break down the different kind of seeds and husks.) It is the potential for your parrot to feed selectively when offered a seed mix, as well as the absence of nutrition provided by fruit and vegetables, which can later lead to serious health problems. We therefore recommend converting your parrot onto a more varied diet to include different types of fruit and vegetables. We would also advise you to consider slowly moving your parrot onto a pelleted diet in place of seeds (particularly if you have a bird that feeds selectively.) As general rule, we recommend that when feeding parrots their diet is made up of 33% fruit, 33% veg and 33% carbohydrates. Feeding parrots is a lot like feeding small children in that they can be incredibly fussy and like to get their own way where dinner is concerned. This can make converting them onto a healthy diet challenging! You should be prepared for this transition to take a long time. You may also potentially waste quite a lot of food, but all of this will eventually pay off. #### Introducing fruits and vegetables Examples of safe fruit and vegetables for parrots can be found above. Below are some tips for introducing them: - Introduce new food items slowly – do not overwhelm them with lots of options all at once. - Parrots are naturally curious animals. It can help if they witness you enthusiastically enjoying the food yourself before you offer it to them. - Make meal times fun – parrots love to play! Any food that can be incorporated into toys, wrapped around bars or hidden around their enclosure may spike interest. - Offer new fruits and vegetables during the time of day when your bird is usually hungriest. - Eat your meals in the same room as your parrot. - Some species of parrot (such as cockatiels and budgerigars) may prefer to eat from the ground. - Larger parrot species can be fed at set meal times, rather than having free access to food. They can be offered their usual food during meal times (at least twice a day), but only have access to fruit and vegetables the rest of the time. This can keep them hungry enough to accept new food. You should never withhold food from small or medium species of parrot. - Fruit and vegetables that are rejected in one form may be accepted in another. Try chopping or slicing the food in different ways, grating food such as carrots, or cooking food such as squash. #### Moving onto pellets As mentioned above, if your parrot eats selectively, you may wish to consider moving them onto pellets in place of seeds. Many of the tips above for introducing fruit and vegetables can also be applied to introducing pellets. Foods you wish the parrot to eat are best placed higher up in the cage for most species. Many parrots are tree-top feeders, so will preferentially eat foods that are higher in the cage or feeding environment. You can also try mixing the pellets with the seed – although many parrots will still only pick out the seeds that they like! You can also offer the pellets in place of seed for short periods. This is usually more successful during the time of day when your parrot is hungriest. Some parrots will prefer to eat pellets that have been soaked – you may need to play around with how you offer them. There are a few different types of pellet on the market, so it may be worth trying a different brand if you aren’t making any progress. Nutri-berries and similar products are also useful for parrots which refuse to accept a pelleted diet. These are whole and semi-whole seeds which are adhered together and coated with vitamins and minerals. This helps reduce selective feeding, as well as provide the added enrichment of having something to break apart. If you are still struggling to get your parrot to accept new food, please don’t hesitate to contact us for advice. **Categories:** Birds, Diets, Poisons & toxins **Tags:** budgerigars, calcium, carbohydrates, diet, fruit, pellets, seeds, toxic foods, UV lighting, vegetables, vitamin D, water --- ### [Lab tests](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/09/lab-tests/) **Published:** February 9, 2025 **Author:** admin **Excerpt:** We can conduct and analyse many lab test onsite, reducing the time you have to wait for results. Read more about different lab tests and how, why and when we use them. **Content:** The first step after noticing your furry, feathered or scaly companion is not quite their usual self is bringing them in to be checked over by a vet. Once the vet has discussed your pet’s problem with you and given them a full examination, the vet may suggest running some tests – possibly including lab tests. We can take blood samples, swabs of a suspected infection, and skin/tissue samples in the consultation room. Sometimes, we may be able to collect urine and faecal samples at the time: at other times you may be asked to collect these at home. Occasionally, we may need to sedate a patient to take a sample, for example if they are painful, or to make the procedure safer. #### Blood tests Blood tests can give us a much clearer idea of what is happening internally, such as how well the internal organs are functioning. Knowing whether the liver or kidneys are struggling can help us not only to treat a patient, but also to avoid using medications that could cause further damage to these vital organs. Blood tests can also tell us if an animal is anaemic, has an infection, if there is an electrolyte (salt) imbalance, or if other organs such as the thyroid, parathyroid or pancreas are functioning normally. There is no single blood test that suits every patient, so we may recommend a variety of blood tests depending on your pet’s presenting problem. It may be that your pet needs serial tests to look for active problems, or monitor resolution. Some blood tests may highlight another problem, so additional tests may then be required. #### Urine tests Urine tests can help to give a clearer picture of the renal and urinary systems, and to confirm some diagnoses. We can check the pH levels and assess the urine for the formation of crystals to help us to diagnose bladder stones. The specific gravity and protein levels help us to assess kidney function. Checking for red and white blood cells, and for bacteria, help us to check for infections or possible damage to the bladder. Blood or other cells in the urine may also suggest a growth in the bladder. The presence of glucose in the urine can alert us to the development of diabetes mellitus, whilst an extremely dilute urine could suggest diabetes insipidus. We can perform many of these lab tests on-site, allowing rapid diagnosis and treatment of many conditions. We may also recommend sending the urine to an external laboratory, for example, to isolate a particular bacterial colony and allow us to target it with specific antibiotics. #### Culture swabs Taking swabs or samples where an infection is suspected means that we can try to find out exactly what is causing the reaction and discomfort for your pet. The sample can be grown in the laboratory and tested against different antibiotic treatments. Our treatment plan can then be tailored to make sure the medications will work, ensuring your pets are back to feeling comfortable as soon as possible. Bacterial cultures take at least three days to grow, and some slow-growing populations can take up to three weeks to grow. These lab tests therefore take slightly longer than others, so your vet may suggest a cleaning regimen or supplementary treatments whilst awaiting results. #### Faecal (stool) testing Faecal samples may be requested so we can look for bacterial infections, parasite burdens and fungal infections. This may be in response to diarrhoea, vomiting, a sensitive tummy, abdominal discomfort, a history of blood in the stools, change of stool colour, or a change in appetite or feeding preferences. Isolating the causative agent enables us to target the gut with the correct treatment, making your pet feel better and giving you peace of mind – and peaceful sleep. #### Skin scrapes and biopsies Pets presenting with itchy skin, lumps or growths may require skin testing. Often, we use a combination of blood tests, bacterial and fungal cultures, skin scrapes and biopsies. Skin scrapes are literally what they sound like: we scrape a little skin away from an affected area for testing. This allows us to check for external parasites such as lice and mites, as well as bacterial or fungal causes. #### Biopsies come in different forms - Fine needle aspirates: we introduce a needle into a lump or lesion, and aspirate (suck up) some of the cells into the needle hub. This only gives us a very small sample, but 80% of these samples yield a meaningful result, and the test can usually be performed in a conscious patient. - Wedge or punch biopsies involve us taking a small segment of a problem area, and submitting the tissue to the laboratory for culture and histopathology. This can sometimes be performed under local anaesthetic, but frequently requires sedation or general anaesthesia. The segment is analysed, helping us to know whether further treatment is required or whether the area will self-resolve. - Trucut biopsies are taken of internal organs, such as the liver, through the body wall, usually with ultrasound guidance. These are performed under sedation or local anaesthesia, and allow us to sample an accessible internal organ before proceeding to full surgery. - Excisional biopsies involve us removing an entire area of concern, with wide margins around it. This enables us to fully remove potentially cancerous areas. We recommend sending these lumps for histopathological analysis, to give us an idea of prognosis for your pet and work out any additional treatments required. Without access to the information that these lab tests provide us, we may not be able to accurately treat your pet(s). We could use an antibiotic that the bacteria are resistant to, medications that could adversely affect already struggling organs, or only treat the symptoms and not the cause. This could lead to your pet’s health and quality of life worsening rather than improving, which is not what any of us want for them. #### Which lab tests can we perform at the clinic? **Blood tests**: we have several blood analysers on-site, allowing us to run a variety of blood tests. This means that we can have results on the same or the following day that a sample was taken. Our biochemistry analyser allows us to run some profiles and single tests on blood from dogs, cats, rabbits, ferrets, rodents, birds and reptiles. These profiles and single tests are designed to check the enzyme levels in the blood related to the liver and kidneys, salt balances, calcium levels, cholesterol levels, thyroid levels, glucose levels and phenobarbital levels. They also check protein levels, the pancreas, and alert us to possible underlying problems. We can also run a test known as a PCV (packed cell volume). This tells us the percentage of red blood cells in the plasma, alerting us to anaemia and possible causes of bleeding. Our haematology analyser looks at the red and white blood cells in the blood, alerting us to inflammation and infection. It give sus information on haemoglobin concentrations (which may indicate anaemia), the haematocrit (how many red blood cells there are), and the number of each of the different white blood cells present. Depending on the distribution of the white blood cells, we are able to detect acute or chronic conditions, and the results may generate suspicions for hormone-driven conditions or those associated with parasite burdens. We are fortunate enough to have an immunoassay analyser on-site, which we frequently use to check for pancreatitis in patients with abdominal pain. It allows us to perform tests such as ACTH stimulation tests, used to diagnose and monitor Cushing’s Disease. We are also able to confirm and monitor diabetic patients by checking fructosamine levels, and can further assess the liver in our exotic patients by checking their GLDH levels. **Urine**: dipstick and specific gravity are available on-site, as well as sediment examination. We use a refractometer to measure the concentration of the urine. The dipstick tells us a variety of information such as pH, the presence of blood or urine, and the presence of proteins. Slide analysis of residues enables us to assess the urine for blood cells, bacteria and crystals. **Faeces**: we can perform faecal worm egg counts for birds and reptiles as well as mammals. This allows us to determine if your pet has an internal parasite burden requiring treatment. **Microscopy:** our light microscope allows us to look at a range of samples at a cellular level, and to check for common problems such as parasites in the ears or on the skin. We can assess urine samples for crystals (which could indicate a bladder stone) and evidence of blood or infection. Blood samples from patients with inflammatory responses can also be assessed for evidence of severity of infection, and the cell morphology (structure, size and shape) of all present cells is assessed. #### Which tests do we send to an external laboratory? We work closely with a skilled and trusted external laboratory, to ensure that all the information we require to diagnose and treat your pets is readily accessible. Depending on the test being performed, we can have results back within 24-48 hours. Some tests such as culture and sensitivity, that require the laboratory to grow a bacteria or fungus and test for medication resistance and susceptibility, take 7-10 days for results. We will inform you at the time of sampling what the expected time frame for results is. The external laboratory runs a wide range of lab tests. Some of the more commonly used ones are listed below, but this list is by no means exhaustive. - Haematology: assesses the levels and structure of the red and white blood cells in a sample - Pancreatic lipase: we would run this if we are concerned about pancreatitis or triaditis - Cardiac profiles: help us to assess the heart - Full faecal analysis: these tests vary depending on the species, but can check for parasites, bacterial and fungal infections - Urine culture and sensitivity - Ionised calcium levels - Cytology and histopathology of skin and tissue samples - Allergy testing for both environmental and food stimuli **Categories:** Birds, Cats, Diseases, Dogs, Ferrets, Guinea-pigs, Injuries, Rabbits, Reptiles & amphibians, Rodents, Services, Small mammals, Tortoises, terrapins & turtles --- ### [Diagnostic imaging](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/09/diagnostic-imaging/) **Published:** February 9, 2025 **Author:** admin **Excerpt:** When you have a sick pet, it may be that we suggest some diagnostic tests to try to confirm or rule out certain conditions. Diagnostic imaging is one of the options, depending on the case. **Content:** Following a consultation for a poorly pet, it may be that we suggest some diagnostic tests to try to confirm or rule out certain conditions. This may include laboratory tests, ancillary tests such as blood pressure readings, and or diagnostic imaging. Certain species that do not show pain or disease in very varied ways are more likely to require diagnostic imaging than others. For example, birds frequently present as lethargic and fluffed up, whatever the cause. Tortoises only leave their legs and heads available for viewing, and hamsters are simply very small. These species – amongst others – may therefore require us to use alternative techniques to palpation alone to work out what is happening. Similarly, some conditions require imaging to differentiate between them. For example, an abscess deep in the foot can cause just as much pain and swelling as a fractured toe, so a radiograph (x-ray) is required to tell which is which. A painful tummy could be from a problem with the stomach, liver, spleen, pancreas or intestines, so an ultrasound scan may be needed to check these in turn. #### What is diagnostic imaging? Diagnostic imaging is a term used to describe various techniques for viewing the inside of the body. There are several different modalities available, and each has its advantages and disadvantages. In many cases, we may need to employ a mixture of these techniques to try to work out what a particular problem is. Techniques are numerous and varied, but may include radiography (x-rays), ultrasonography, CT scan, MRI scan, and endoscopy. Ophthalmoscopes and otoscopes are also frequently used to view the inside of the eyes and ears, respectively. It is not always possible to reach a diagnosis using one or a combination of imaging techniques. These help us to narrow down the list of possible causes of your pet’s ailment, but additional tests or surgeries may be required. #### Radiography Most of us are familiar with the concept of x-rays from our own medical experiences, or those of friends or relatives. However, not everyone is so familiar with what they are, or the process of taking and analysing them. Radiographs use low levels of ionising radiation to highlight different tissue densities within the body. The marker used to signify the left or right side of the patient is always metal, giving us a contrast with the other densities in the body. This allows us to ensure our settings on the machine are correct for the patient – we should be able to distinguish all 5 densities – and to distinguish bone from metal. The more dense a material is, the more white it will appear on a radiograph. Metal is white, bone is only slightly less white. Soft tissue and fluid are the same density of light grey, and fat is a slightly darker grey. Finally, air is black on a radiograph. By comparing the different densities on an image, we can work out what might be happening. A radiograph only gives us a 2D picture of a 3D object: everything is compressed into the 2D image. In order to reconstruct a 3D image in our head of what is going on inside the body, we need to take orthogonal views. This means that we need to take at least 2 images of each area we are interested in, at 90 degrees to each other. For example, we could take a picture of an abdomen by taking a radiograph from front-to-back, and from side-to-side through the body. Once we have both 2D images, and we know the anatomy of the body, we can overlay things in our minds to build up a 3D image. In some cases, for example when looking at knee or shoulder joints, we may need to take several angles, to help us to see all aspects of the bones and connections. Even when we cannot see an actual structure, for example, tendons, the outline or absence of another structure is just as important in determining what is happening. For example, the absence of air in a space where air should be present may suggest that there is fluid or soft tissue present. Radiography is excellent for getting an overall view of an area, and the comparative shapes and sizes of organs. However, because of the loss of outline of structures when fluid is involved (everything becomes grey), it is not useful for distinguishing different conditions involving fluid production. It can highlight a problem with fluid, or an enlarged organ, but cannot look at the detail inside. In contract to this, air can highlight other structures beautifully, so radiography is the imaging mode of choice in birds. Birds have 9 air sacs and have pneumatic bones, allowing plenty of opportunity to analyse the shapes and sizes of structures beneath and around them. It is also extremely important that our patients are very still for radiographs, so that this image does not become blurry. As you can imagine, most pets simply ignore our polite requests to ‘hold very still’! We therefore frequently need to use a sedative or an anaesthetic to achieve diagnostic quality images. #### Ultrasonography Again, many of us are familiar with ultrasound scans – these are what are used to check pregnancies, as they progress. However, there are many more uses for ultrasonography than pregnancy diagnosis and monitoring. Ultrasonography is not a painful procedure in most cases, so has the advantage that it can usually be performed in fully conscious patients. Be warned: we cannot scan effectively through hair, so your pet may need to have a rather severe hair cut over a wide area of its body! This modality is not particularly useful in getting a broad overview of the body, but is excellent for viewing specific things. We can utilise different types of probe shapes, at different frequencies of sound wave emission, to obtain either wedge or block-shaped images of parts of the body at different depths. This allows us to analyse the internal structure of organs such as the liver, kidneys, spleen and intestines, without having to approach surgically. Ultrasound can also be used to guide needle biopsies of various organs, allowing us obtain more targeted information about certain areas without the need for general anaesthesia. Ultrasound, like radiography, gives us a 2D image of a 3D structure. In the same way that we need orthogonal views for radiography, so do we for ultrasonography. This is achieved by holding the scanner in different directions across the body, giving us different ‘plane’ views. The ultrasonographer will do this as they go along, assessing each organ first in one plane and then in another. For complex organs such as the heart, several different planes are required to assess all of the different valves and areas. Ultrasound also gives us an image in shades of grey, but the echodensities are almost the opposite of the equivalent radiodensity. For example, air – black on a radiograph – is completely white on ultrasound. This is because ultrasound waves cannot be conducted through air, so bounce back immediately when they hit the air : tissue interface. We therefore cannot scan through air, making ultrasound almost impossible in many birds. Fluid – light grey on a radiograph – is black on an ultrasound scan. Ultrasound waves are transmitted readily through fluid (think of submarines scanning the ocean floor), so fluid is the ideal medium for obtaining excellent images. Patients with conditions causing fluid build-up, such as blocked bladders, heart failure, liver failure, or those experiencing internal bleeding, are therefore readily and safely analysed via ultrasonography. #### Ophthalmoscopic examinations An ophthalmoscope is a hand-held device that is used to assess various conditions of the eye. For this to work well, the patient should be in a darkened room, so there is a contrast between the surroundings and the bright light of the ophthalmoscope. The eye is a complex structure made of several components. The cornea is the outermost layer of cells, and is most frequently damaged by scratches. The lens sits behind the pupil and focuses light onto the retina, from where our nerves send impulses to our brains, which translates these into images. The lens is commonly associated with cataracts. The iris is responsible for altering the size of the pupil – allowing us to respond to different intensities of light. The ophthalmoscope can be easily used to assess the cornea for any damage, or to look through the anterior chamber for any opacities. However, in order for us to examine the back of the eye – the fundus – we need to be very close to our patients. We are usually nose-to-nose! We can then look at the structure of the retina, which may also assist in diagnosis of patients with high blood pressure. The optic nerve head and the blood vessels around it can be checked for any damage, as can the pectin in birds. Pectin is a beautiful structure only found in birds, but damage to it can lead to permanent blindness. The iris and pupil are then checked, allowing us to detect age-associated changes and structures such as cataracts. The fluid of the posterior and anterior chambers of the eye is also checked for any signs of thickened or foreign material. #### Otoscopic examinations An otoscope is similar to an ophthalmoscope in that it is hand-held, and usually fits onto the same base as an ophthalmoscope does. However, this equipment is used to look into the ear canal. All species’ ear canals are different, and are designed in relation to their function. For example, rabbits have straight ear canals and large movable pinnae (the outer part of the ear), allowing them to pick up sound from a long way away and process it immediately. Birds have very short ear canals, but they are protected by a static flap of skin, to prevent the ear drum rupturing during flight. Tortoises have flat ears that pick up vibrations, and are flush with the side of their head. This allows them to pull their ears into the shell with their head, giving full protection. Dogs and cats have ear canals with a 90 degree bend in them, so that the ear drum cannot be accessed directly from outside. This minimises the chances of grasses and other materials being introduced during hunting and play. Given the differences between the species, we need to use different shaped heads of the otoscope, and different light intensities, so visualise the ear drums of different animals. To look at the ear drum of a dog or cat, the outside of the ear – the pinna – must be straightened by gentle traction, to reduce the angle of the bend inside. Rabbit ear drums can be readily viewed – providing the otoscope head is introduced into the correct cavity, instead of the blind-ending sac that sits immediately adjacent to the ear canal. Using an otoscope, we can help to diagnose conditions such as otitis, polyps, ruptured ear drums, foreign bodies within the ear canal, and allergic diseases. Many of these conditions are unfortunately very painful – ear ache is sore for all of us! We cannot always expect our pets to tolerate us pulling an already painful area around, so we may need to sedate your pet to have a good look. #### Other useful diagnostic imaging techniques As a small independent clinic, we are not able to invest in all the equipment we would like to have! We therefore sometimes need to refer your pet for further imaging techniques. This could include a CT scan – 3D radiography – to look for conditions such as stick injuries. We may also suggest an MRI scan to look at the central nervous system (brain and spinal chord), which is difficult to view with other techniques. Endoscopy can be extremely useful in many of our exotic species as well as in companion pets. A camera is inserted into the body through small holes, allowing us to see what is going on without making large incisions. This is limited to animals large enough to allow a 7mm hole to be comfortably made, so may not be appropriate in all pets. **Categories:** Birds, Cats, Diseases, Ferrets, Guinea-pigs, Injuries, Rabbits, Reptiles & amphibians, Rodents, Services, Small mammals, Tortoises, terrapins & turtles --- ### [Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease (PBFD)](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/09/pbfd/) **Published:** February 9, 2025 **Author:** admin **Excerpt:** Psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD) is a disease of parrot species that is lifelong and carries wide implications for the health of the affected bird, as well as those sharing the environment both at the time and in the future. **Content:** #### What is psittacine beak and feather disease? Psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD) is a disease of parrot species (psittacine means ‘parrot’) that is lifelong and carries wide implications for the health of the affected bird, as well as those sharing the environment – both at the time and in the future. #### Routes of transmission – how the disease spreads PBFD is caused by a circovirus that is spread in feather dust, faeces (droppings) and crop contents. Any secretions that are produced from coughing, sneezing, vomiting or regurgitation may carry the disease, as will droppings and any feather dust. There is also a possibility that it can be spread from adults via the egg. One of the main problems with PBFD is that it lasts for a long time in the environment – up to 18 months in organic matter. The majority of affected birds contract the virus at an early age, but infection can also occur in later life. The infection occurs during active feather growth, and malformed or broken feathers are often the first sign of a problem. If an affected bird is kept within an aviary, all other birds within the aviary will be exposed, although not all of them will necessarily contract the disease. However, healthy birds should ideally be identified via laboratory testing and removed to a clean environment. Once a bird with PBFD has been identified, no new birds should be introduced (unless they too have PBFD or are not a parrot species). It should also be noted that because of the stability of the virus in the environment, no new birds should be acquired for at least 18 months after the affected bird(s) have passed away. #### Which species are affected? PBFD is common in Australian, African and Asian parrot species including Cockatiels, Love Birds, and Ring-neck Parakeets to name but a few. It can cause profound immunosuppression and bone marrow suppression in these individuals, meaning that they are far more susceptible to usually innocuous infections than others are. For this reason, it is often compared to HIV in people. #### What do we see in these patients? There are many different clinical appearances that accompany PBFD, and some, all or none may be noted in any particular individual. These clinical signs (symptoms) include: - Sudden death in the peracute form of the disease – this is usually the case in very young birds and is a result of septicaemia (an overwhelming infection of the blood) from various secondary infections, rather than from the virus itself. - A shiny appearance to the beak and claws – parrot species are often very dusty birds and should have a powder coating over the beak and claws. Birds infected with PBFD are often missing this layer, giving a shiny appearance to the nails and beak. - Incomplete feather growth or complete absence of feathers - Pinched feathers where they fall off – the poor growth of feathers often results in constriction of the feather shaft, so the tips of the feathers are sheared part-way along the shaft. - The flight feathers (the long ones on the wings and tail) are affected more noticeably, but all feathers may be affected. - PBFD may also cause colour changes to the feathers (classically grey feathers turn to pink, and black feathers turn to white). - The beak and claws may degenerate in these patients, leaving broken patches in the beak and claws. - PBFD causes generalised immunosuppression, so affected birds are generally more ill than normal birds, and may succumb to minor infections more readily. #### Diagnosis Diagnosis of PBFD is based on a blood test or on a sample from pulpy feathers (those that are actively growing). In more difficult cases, these tests may also be performed on bone marrow. In some cases, there may be a very high index of clinical suspicion based on the clinical signs and the age of the bird (the youngest birds affected suffer the most rapid course of infection). It should be noted that in rare cases, a test may result in a positive result when the bird does not actually have PBFD (usually this happens with routine screening of otherwise healthy birds). This is because of the methods used to detect the virus, but true positives can be identified by repeating the test 60-90 days after the initial test. If the test gives a negative result, this can be taken as a true representation of the bird’s health (i.e. PBFD is not present). #### Can I contract this disease? PBFD is a disease of parrot species and does not cross genetic barriers, so cannot be contracted by people. However, it is very easily spread between birds via feather dust and secretions, and very easily carried by people to other avian environments on clothing and shoes. Strict hygiene should be observed to prevent transmission to other birds, including rigorous washing and clothing changes. #### Treatment There is no specific treatment for PBFD – once the virus has obtained access to body, there is no way of getting it back out again. Treatment is therefore not aimed at curing the bird, but at supporting it through any secondary infections. It is for this reason that PBFD is often referred to as the HIV of the avian world. It can remain dormant for long periods of time without causing any ill health, but causes a profound suppression of immunity once active. Treatments may include nutritional support, fluid therapy, antibiosis, and the use of pre-emptive vitamin, mineral and probiotic formulas. PBFD will eventually cause death through secondary infection and multiorgan failure in affected patients, but these birds may live for many years and be very happy birds, even if bald! The lifespan of these patients is reduced from the usual expected lifespan for that species, but the reduction depends on many factors and may be as little as ¼ of a normal lifespan. It is important to be well informed when living with these birds so that veterinary aid can be sought at the first sign that there is something wrong, but it is also important to remember that these birds are normal in all other ways and will still want to live life to the full at every opportunity! **Categories:** Birds, Diseases --- ### [Pre-operative care at home](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/09/pre-operative-care-at-home/) **Published:** February 9, 2025 **Author:** admin **Excerpt:** Information to help you to prepare for a pet’s visit that requires a sedation or general anaesthetic. **Content:** This information is designed to help you to prepare for your pet’s scheduled visit that requires a sedation or general anaesthetic. Hopefully, it will answer some of the questions you may have about what to expect. If you are unsure about anything or wish to discuss any aspect of the procedure with us, please contact the practice. #### Fasting your pet It is essential if your pet is receiving an anaesthetic agent that they are starved for a suitable period of time before the procedure. We recommend the following times for these species groups: **Birds** - Small, such as finches and songbirds: please do not withhold food at all - Medium-sized parrots: 4-8 hours – remove food between 7-8am on the day - Large parrots, poultry and waterfowl: 6-10 hours – remove food at midnight the night before or by 7am on the day - Birds of prey: >24 hours – birds must have cast before surgery, so we suggest removing food at least 24 hours before surgery - **Cats**: 6-12 hours – remove food at midnight the night before, or by 7am on the day - **Dogs**: 6-12 hours – remove food at midnight the night before, or by 7am on the day - **Ferrets**: 6-12 hours – remove food at midnight the night before, or by 7am on the day - **Rabbits**: please do not withhold food at all **Reptiles** - **Chelonia** (tortoises., terrapins and turtles): 18-24 hours – remove food after breakfast the day before surgery - **Iguanas and other large lizards**: 18-24 hours – remove food after breakfast the day before surgery - **Lizards**: 12-24 hours – remove food after 4pm the day before surgery - **Snakes**: >48 hours – snakes must have passed stools after their last meal, so food should be withheld for 2-6 days prior to surgery in most cases - **Guinea-pigs, degus, chinchillas, hamsters, mice, gerbils**: please do not withhold food at all - **Rats**: 4-8 hours – remove food between 7-8am Please keep cats in for the night preceding the appointment to ensure they do not hunt or seek food elsewhere, and to make sure they have returned! #### Hydration It is of vital importance that your pet is adequately hydrated. Please do not withhold water at any time prior to your pet’s procedure. Please give reptiles a warm bath the night before and the morning of their procedure. If your pet is elderly or is not sufficiently hydrated for the procedure, we may recommend additional fluid therapy on the day or delaying the procedure. #### Travel Please ensure that your pet is secure and cannot escape at any time during transport to, or once at the clinic! All small patients, cats and birds should be transported in a carrier, both to prevent them from escaping and to prevent other patients at the clinic from seeing them as a meal. For home visits, windows and doors should remain closed, pets should be contained in appropriate carriers or small volume spaces (a single room is fine for a cat, but birds should be caged) and dogs should have a securely fastened collar and lead in place. Skylark Vets admits no liability for animals that escape. Please ensure that reptiles travel and are kept in a warm environment: surrounding them with hot water bottles or wheat bags can help to maintain their body temperature during journeys. Please ensure that your pet is not squashed underneath the bottles or bags, and that there is a layer of material between your pet and the heated item to prevent burns. Placing carriers in a heated foot well of the car may also ensure circulating warm air for your pet’s comfort. #### Medications Please bring with you any medications or supplements that your pet is taking. If your pet is due to have a morning dose of a medication that must be given with food, please inform us so that advice can be given on whether to administer the medication or not. If your pet has a medication that can be taken without food, the morning dose may be administered. Diabetic patients may have special instructions, so please discuss your pet’s regime and dose with the vet prior to the day of the procedure. #### Pre-anaesthetic checks Before the day of the procedure, please think about whether you might like your pet to have a pre-anaesthetic blood test. We strongly recommend this test if your pet is middle aged or older because these groups of animals are more likely to have underlying problems. If you have a young pet, this test may help us to discover any inherited conditions of the kidneys or liver. If any abnormalities are discovered, your pet may need a different anaesthetic protocol to allow us to keep your pet as safe as possible, or the procedure may need to be delayed until your pet is in better health. A pre-anaesthetic blood test is ideally run 1-5 days before the procedure, although in some cases it may be performed on the day (results may not be available that same day but will be reported once available). Please note that avian patients and some small mammals and reptiles require anaesthesia in order to take a blood sample, so blood will always be taken on the day for these species. If you would like a blood test for your pet, please contact us to arrange a convenient appointment time for this. We are also able to provide a lungworm test if desired. This test cannot be run on the day and must be performed at least 72 working hours prior to your pet’s appointment. For this test, we will require a faecal sample for cats and/or a blood sample for dogs. Lungworm can cause significant bleeding during surgical procedures and may be life-threatening. If your pet is treated every month with a suitable agent against lungworm, this test may not be necessary. #### Health checks on the day We will always give your pet a full check-over on the scheduled day to check for any obvious health problems that could affect the anaesthetic. Please inform us if your pet has had any abnormal behaviour, vomiting, diarrhoea, coughing, sneezing, collapse or seizure episodes leading up to the appointment. Please allow some time for the team to assess your pet on the day of the procedure! Please ensure that your pet has passed urine and faeces prior to any anaesthetic or sedation. It can be very uncomfortable to be asleep for a long time with a full bladder, and this can make anaesthesia more challenging! Please inform us if you notice any abnormalities with the urine or faeces produced. **Categories:** Pre-operative care at home, Surgery --- ### [Euthanasia and bereavement](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/09/euthanasia-and-bereavement/) **Published:** February 9, 2025 **Author:** admin **Excerpt:** Answers to questions you may have about pet euthanasia and how we can help **Content:** As loving pet owners and carers, we all want our best friends to remain with us forever. Of course, we all know that the dreaded day will eventually come when we have to say goodbye. Whether this is a planned or a sudden event, the distress that we may experience may be severe. As such, it can be beneficial to plan ahead and to be prepared in all other ways, as much as possible. #### Making the decision Most of our pets do not just slip away in their sleep, as we all hope they will, but slowly decline in health and or mobility over time. This can be painful to watch, and begs us to ask the difficult question of, ‘how do I know when it is time to say goodbye?’. At Skylark Vets, we will always try to give you candid advice regarding your pet’s prognosis and expected longevity. We will assist you in managing your pet’s condition wherever we can. We will make every effort to improve and maintain your loved friend’s quality of life for as long as possible. If we see your pet and feel that quality is gone, we will empathetically advise you that the time has come to say goodbye. However, we cannot be with you all the time at home, so it is you who will see the day-to-day changes in your family member. Deciding when to let them go can be challenging and emotionally stressful. We suggest balancing the following factors when making these decisions: - **Pain** – does your pet have a painful condition that can be well managed, or are they in constant pain? - **Medication compliance** – is it a fight to get medication into your pet, causing stress for you and for your friend, or will your pet take medications well? Are you physically able to medicate your pet, where required? - **Medication and treatment costs** – is it viable to continue with the cost of treatments, and for how long? - **Home management** – are you able to effectively assist your pet at home, or are you reliant on someone helping you? - **Transport** – are you able to transport your pet as needed, or do you have to get a lift or take public transport? Will there be a delay in your pet needing help and being able to get it? - **Condition** – is your pet’s condition deteriorating rapidly, or are they aging serenely and gracefully? - **Age** – does your pet have the capacity to go on for a long time, or are they at the end of their natural life? - **Family presence at the end** – will lots of people from different places want to be together when you say goodbye, or will it just be you? Of course, there will be many other factors applicable to each individual circumstance, and we are here to guide you and support you wherever we can. From you pet’s point of view, the most important thing is that they are happy and pain-free. We suggest thinking of 3 things that have been very important to your pet during its lifetime. This could be anything from eating a particularly delicious food, playing a particular game or using a particular toy, having a certain type of cuddle at a certain time, interacting with other pets, or having freedom to come and go independently of anyone else. When these three things start to be lost, it is time to start thinking about euthanasia. By the time all three have been lost, it is time. #### Euthanasia options Once the decision has been made that euthanasia is necessary, there are several options for how this happens. Some people wish to have their pet euthanised at home, in the comfort of their own surroundings. These euthanasia appointments can be lovely for he pet, but usually require pre-booking to ensure someone is available to come to you. We perform home euthanasia, providing your home meets our requirements for parking, or the house of a willing neighbour does. In other cases, we may suggest contacting one of the many home euthanasia services now available. Others may wish to bring their pet into the clinic, so that any memories are kept out of the home environment. We try to make the process as smooth as possible in the clinic, and provide additional time with 30-minute appointments, so that you can be as relaxed as possible. We suggest making these appointments at the end of our consultation blocks where possible, so that you do not have to walk into a waiting room of other people afterwards. #### Sedation Whether saying goodbye at home or in the clinic, you may wish your pet to have a sedative to calm then down, or so that they are unaware of what is happening. If you think you would like this – or that your pet needs this – please let us know at the time of booking, so we can allow additional time. #### How is euthanasia performed? In many species, we give an intravenous injection of a fast-acting anaesthetic agent. This is given via an intravenous cannula, placed at the time of the appointment. Your pet may need some hair to be removed to place the cannula, so we may clip one or more legs or an ear. For those patients where intravenous access is not possible to obtain, we may suggest a sedative followed by an injection of the anaesthetic agent into the kidney, liver, or heart. Some patients, such as rodents and parrots, require anaesthetic induction prior to us giving an injection, because they are too stressed and awake to perform euthanasia otherwise. In these cases, we cannot allow you to be with your pet during anaesthetic induction because of health and safety risks. We may therefore ask you to wait in the consultation room, and we will bring your pet through once they are asleep, and before we give the final injection. Fish need to be anaesthetised in a small volume of water prior to euthanasia, for which we frequently use clove oil. Both fish and reptiles are termed ‘cold-blooded’, which means they do not create their own heat. Euthanasia can be a prolonged event in some of these species, and we will advise you of whether you may be present with them or not. In general, you can be with smaller reptiles, but larger ones need to remain with us for the day. In all cases, we give your pet an huge overdose of the anaesthetic agent, so that they go to sleep rapidly (or in an expected time for fish and reptiles) but do not wake up again. #### What can I expect as my pet passes away? When we give the anaesthetic injection, your pet will fall rapidly asleep. They will be able to both hear and feel you for around 30 seconds after the injection, so talking to them and cuddling them can help them to know that you are there. After this time, their heart will stop and they will pass away. It is very common for pets to lose control of their bladder and bowel at the time of passing, so we sometimes recommend placing a waterproof layer underneath them. Pets with pneumonia, heart conditions, or fluid build-up may also pass fluid through their nose. Some pets might make gasping or crying noises, or paddle their limbs, after they pass away. This is because of calcium release in the body. Your pet has already passed at this time and will not be able to feel anything. This phase can last for 20 minutes or more, so it is best to be prepared in advance. Birds are extremely reactive to light stimulus, and this continues even after they have passed away. It is light stimulation that causes them to flap their wings or even run around after death. For this reason, we always cover the head with a towel or a hand, to block light going into their eyes and into the gland just above the eyes. Light stimulation continues for at least 5 minutes after death, so we suggest keeping a hand or towel in place for the whole time. In most cases, this prevents any movement after death. #### Confirming death We will always check your pet thoroughly before we declare its death. For mammals and birds, we will check carefully with a stethoscope. We may need to use a doppler pulse detector for reptiles, and may need to heat them up to do this. For all reptiles, it is important that the brainstem cannot continue to function. We will therefore perform a procedure called pithing, once we are sure they have passed away, to ensure their central nervous system is also no longer working. Disconcertingly, the brainstem of these species can otherwise remain active for some time after death. We would never perform this in front of you – even by request – so take your pet away for a few moments before returning them to you. #### Options for burial and cremation Following the passing of your pet, there are five options for what happens next. Regardless of which of these you choose, we also offer to take a foot or paw print of your pet, and to retain hair clippings or feather samples for you. Please let us know if you would like any of these. **Burial**: in most cases, you can decide to take your pet home for a private burial, if desired. However, in accordance with the Food Producing Species legislation, any pet that falls under the Food Producing Species list (poultry, waterfowl etc.) cannot be buried at home, but must be cremated. (These species may also be consumed, but this plan must be stated in advance, so that no medications are given that could be passed to you.) **Cremation without ashes return**: we are able to arrange ‘standard’ cremations of your pets with our partner crematorium. Pets are cremated in small groups rather than as individuals, and a sample of the ashes is scattered on the grounds at the crematorium. The ashes are not returned to you. **Cremation with ashes return**: an individual cremation of your pet is carried out at our partner crematorium, your pet’s ashes are collected, and returned to you in the vessel of your choice. We can either arrange a courier for your pet to be collected from us, or you are welcome to take your pet to the crematorium yourself, giving at least 24 hours’ notice of your desire to do so. There are many options for the type of urn or casket that your pet is returned in, and the catalogue can be viewed here: https://www.pcsonline.org.uk/category/caskets-and-urns. **Donation to medical science**: many veterinary schools are desperate for donations to help students to learn new skills and develop existing ones. Research establishments may also be looking for pets with certain conditions at certain times. Your pet will be treated with the utmost respect during and following is euthanasia, and can then help future vets to carry out safe, life-saving procedures on other pets. If you are interested in this option, please let us know. **Taxidermy**: some people may wish to keep their pet with them in their current form, and taxidermy is the best option for this. If you are thinking of this, it is advisable to locate a taxidermist and make arrangements in advance of the time of euthanasia. #### Coping with bereavement If you are struggling to come to terms with the loss of a pet, do not feel that you are alone! There are a great many support groups available. We recommend contacting someone at an early opportunity – do not suffer in silence. Below are links to a few of the many advice pages and services available: https://www.bluecross.org.uk/pet-bereavement-and-pet-loss https://www.supportline.org.uk/problems/pet-bereavement/ https://www.rspca.org.uk/adviceandwelfare/pets/bereavement https://www.theralphsite.com/index.php?idPage=21 https://www.samaritans.org/ http://www.petbereavementservices.co.uk/ **Categories:** Euthanasia --- ### [Euthanasia](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/08/euthanasia/) **Published:** February 8, 2025 **Author:** admin **Excerpt:** In this video, vet Charlotte shares her advice on things you can do to help prepare for the death of a pet, euthanasia, and how we can support you through this very difficult time. **Content:** Although no one wants to think about the death of a pet, the reality is that in all likelihood we will outlive them – and as such, it is an unavoidable part of pet ownership. In this video, vet Charlotte shares her advice on things you can do to help prepare for the inevitable day, and explains how we can support you through the difficult process of decision-making it can often involve. **Categories:** Euthanasia, Husbandry --- ### [Seizures](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/09/seizures/) **Published:** February 9, 2025 **Author:** admin **Excerpt:** Witnessing an animal having seizures can be a distressing experience, especially if it is happening for the first time or you are seeing it for the first time. **Content:** Witnessing an animal having seizures can be a distressing experience, especially if it is happening for the first time or you are seeing it for the first time. Seizures can vary in severity. The pet may appear vacant or display signs of twitching in some cases – these are often focal (single area) seizures. In more severe cases, the pet can experience violent convulsions, rigidity or paddling – these are known as tonic-clonic seizures. #### What to do if your pet has a seizure - Stay calm and make sure any distressed family members (particularly children) are out of the way - DO NOT try to restrain your pet – this can cause severe injury to both of you - DO NOT put your hands or any other objects in your pet’s mouth under any circumstances. Patients having a seizure cannot control their movements and are likely to clamp their jaw closed. They are also unable to open it again – if your hand is trapped inside, you risk losing it! - Try to remove any objects that your pet might knock into. Try to provide cushioning around objects that can’t be easily removed (e.g. radiators) using soft furnishings, such as towels and pillows - Make a note of the time the seizure started and how long it lasted. This will seem like hours but is usually seconds, so try to be as accurate as possible - Reduce any stimuli that may worsen the seizure (turn down the lighting, turn the television off) - Call the vet immediately. This is especially important if: a) this is the first time your pet has had a seizure, b) the seizure lasts for more than 2 minutes, or c) your pet initially recovers but goes on to have multiple seizures #### To assist with diagnosis and treatment as efficiently as possible, it is important to have the following information to hand: - How long the seizure lasted, or has been going on for - Any medication your pet is taking and the dose given - Any access your pet may have had to anything toxic (e.g. rodent poisons, chocolate, grapes/raisins, medications or recreational substances, rotting food/carcasses etc.) #### During the recovery phase Pets should remain in a safe, familiar environment because they may be disorientated for a while. Closely monitor your pet until their demeanour is back to normal. #### Causes of seizures - Head trauma - Liver Disease - Kidney Disease - Toxicity (see article on poisonings) - Severe allergies - Electrolyte imbalances - Low or high blood sugar - Brain tumours - Epilepsy - Urinary tract infections The veterinary surgeon will need to investigate the cause of the seizure in order to treat it appropriately. Therefore, they may wish to perform blood tests and/or scans. Pre-existing problems with the liver and kidneys can cause seizures so an analysis of their health status is required. The veterinary surgeon will need to check for damage to specific systems if the seizure was caused by a known toxin. The system(s) affected will vary with the type of toxin, so more detailed blood tests and imaging may be required in these cases. Your pet may require hospitalization depending on the severity and cause of the seizure(s). This is done to ensure that your pet is monitored continuously, given appropriate medications to keep the seizures under control and to treat the cause. **Categories:** Diseases, Injuries, Poisons & toxins --- ### [Psittacosis](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2024/12/18/psittacosis/) **Published:** December 18, 2024 **Author:** admin **Excerpt:** Psittaci is a zoonotic organism, meaning that it can be passed between different species -including between animals and humans. **Content:** #### About psittacosis Avian psittacosis is also known as ornithosis, chlamydiosis or chlamydophilosis. It is a very common condition, especially within communities of commercially bred and stocked birds. It can result in different courses of infection (see later), so latency of disease and resultant silent carrier birds exist within the avian communities. These asymptomatic birds act as a source of constant infection to other birds. Unfortunately, chlamydiosis can be very difficult to treat, and successful treatment will not cause immunity for any individual. #### What is psittacosis? The causative organism is an obligate anaerobic intracellular bacterium called *Chlamydia psittaci.* This bacterium resides within white blood cells, so can only be detected when it is being actively shed from the body. Shedding is induced during times of stress – this can be physiological stress or psychological stress. This could be anything from the introduction of a new bird, to a change of environment, change of routine, or stress from the individual’s ill health from another cause. *C. psittaci* is environmentally resistant in organic matter, meaning that it lasts a long time in droppings and secretions. It is most commonly found in cockatiels and budgerigars, largely because these are commonly bred birds within commercial shops. However, budgerigars remain the main source of silent carriers and silent shedders of *C. psittaci*. #### How does it affect you and your family? *C. psittaci* is a zoonotic organism, meaning that it can be passed between different species, including between humans and animals. It poses a high risk, particularly for immunosuppressed individuals such as the very young, the elderly, those undergoing chemotherapy, chronic asthmatics or those with other chest infections. Healthy people in regular contact with someone with one of these conditions may pass the organism on to them in fomites (non-living matter e.g. on clothing and shoes). *C. psittaci* affects the respiratory system in people, causing a severe pneumonia, which usually involves long periods of hospitalisation and can cause death. Psittacosis causes severe, sometimes fatal pneumonia in immunosuppressed people e.g. those receiving chemotherapy, the young and the elderly, but also in regularly exposed individuals. It is easily spread to cage mates and other birds via fomites, so is very difficult to control. Every case must be assessed on its own merit: although treatment of an individual is often desirable from a personal perspective, if it may be to the detriment of human health or to a flock of birds, it may be that treatment would be inappropriate. #### How does psittacosis affect birds? There are two main categories of clinical paths, i.e. the course an infection takes in an individual bird: - Acute infection (may also be subacute) - Latent infection (often resulting from chronic infection) The different types of infection are listed below, with a brief explanation of each. #### Acute infection Acute infections are mainly in young birds, and clinical signs (symptoms) are sudden in their onset. These infections are usually contracted from environments with high burdens of *C. psittaci* present in them, and from infected parents. Acute infections are therefore common in young commercial birds that have come from flocks with resident *C. psittaci* infections. It is important to note that infection may not be obvious in the adults within the flock. If the infection goes to the liver of young birds, it causes a rapid deterioration in health and death of the bird. #### Sub-acute infection Birds suffering with a sub-acute infection become noticeably ill with various clinical signs (see later). They often need supportive care, and may have concurrent diseases. They shed *C. psittaci* in their droppings and via nasal secretions, so act as infectious sources for other birds and people for the duration of their infection. Affected birds may recover with treatment, may develop chronic infections, or may become silent carriers. #### Chronic infection Birds with chronic chlamydiosis have a low level of disease for prolonged periods of time, often following a sub-acute presentation. Chronicity of infection may be a result of an insufficient treatment course (treatment stopped too early or given at too low a dose, or ineffective dosing from patient or human factors) or may be a natural progression in untreated birds. Bacteria are shed intermittently during chronic infections, making those birds affected difficult both to detect and to treat effectively. #### Latent infection/carrier birds A latent infection means that it is not clinically obvious, but is hidden within the body. Birds are not clinically affected, but act as pools of infectious material to other more susceptible birds. Patients with latent infections continue to shed *C. psittaci* in secretions and droppings. Budgerigars and parakeets are common silent carriers, particularly those that have survived previous infections in large aviary settings. Other parrot species do not commonly become carriers, but present with clinical signs of acute or sub-acute disease. #### Routes of transmission The well-known expression, “coughs and sneezes spread diseases”, is still just as true now as when it was first introduced! Birds may pass droplets of secretions containing the organism during episodes of coughing or sneezing, and these organisms are then dispersed over a very wide area in the air, particularly if there is a draught or wind. Consideration must be given to all air spaces, and to separating affected and unaffected birds – but this is often not easy to achieve. Another common route of transmission is via faeces. Bacteria are shed intermittently in both droppings and in respiratory secretions (coughs and sneezes), but are also stable in the environment when surrounded by organic matter. This means that *C. psittaci* can also be easily transferred to new areas on fomites, i.e. bacteria present in faeces or nasal secretions ae carried on items of clothing or on improperly or unwashed hands, and can then be transferred to other birds. It is essential when dealing with a case of suspected chlamydiosis that strict hygiene is in place, including thorough hand-washing and changes of clothing. This is in order to protect the affected bird, any unaffected birds (which should always be dealt with first), and all persons in direct or indirect contact with them. #### Clinical signs (symptoms) Clinical signs vary widely between individuals and may include some or all of the following:- - Lethargy - Anorexia - Discharge from the eyes and nostrils - Difficulty breathing / rapid breathing – often noticed by the tail bobbing up and down with each breath, wings held out away from the body, and legs spread in a wide stance - Enteritis (diarrhoea) - Enlarged coelom (abdomen or tummy) - Yellow / green colour to the white and liquid parts of the droppings - Emaciation - Dehydration - Death #### Diagnosis The intermittent shedding of *C. psittaci* and its ability to hide within the body at other times makes it notoriously difficult to test and accurately diagnose. Diagnosis is based on the isolation of *C. psittaci* within faeces or blood, on a rising antibody titre (increasing >4 fold in 2 weeks), by the identification of the organism in macrophages, or on post-mortem examination. If the latter, changes may be noted in the liver, spleen, air sacs, pericardium (the sac that the heart sits in), and the serosal surfaces. Unfortunately, even heavily infected birds will only shed the organism intermittently, so a negative test cannot confirm that a patient does not have chlamydiosis – only that it has not been detected at that time. However, a positive result can be assumed to be reliable. #### Treatment of psittacosis The first consideration when dealing with these patients must be with regard to the zoonotic potential in an individual case. *Should* we treat must be the question in these cases. Often it is better for a flock if a diagnosed bird is euthanised, whereas if the bird is a single bird, flock health may not be a consideration. Euthanasia is also recommended where there are immunosuppressed individuals in contact with the patient, or who are regularly seen by anyone in contact with the patient. Chlamydia may also affect people who are not immunosuppressed if they are exposed over a period of time, so serious thought must go into whether to treat these birds or not. The next consideration is when to treat – as mentioned above, a negative test does not actually mean that the bird is not suffering with psittacosis, so there must always be an element of clinical judgement based on cumulative evidence and appropriate knowledge. The key is to start to treat infections early in their course. This involves a course of oral antibiotics for several weeks. Supportive care will also be required for long periods of time, including nutritional support, nebulization, liver supplements, vitamins, and hydration support. **Categories:** Birds, Diseases **Tags:** acute infection, anorexia, budgerigars, carriers, chlamydiosis, chlamydophilosis, chronic infection, dehydration, diarrhoea, discharge, emaciation, faeces, fomites, hygiene, latent infection, lethargy, ornithosis, parakeets, pneumonia, respiratory, risk to humans, shedding, sub-acute infection, transmission, zoonotic --- ### [Megabacteriosis](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2024/12/18/megabacteriosis/) **Published:** December 18, 2024 **Author:** admin **Excerpt:** Megabacteria is actually a yeast organism called Macrorhabdus ornithogaster, or avian gastric yeast. **Content:** Megabacteriosis is a commonly diagnosed condition of many captive parrot species, particularly those with underlying causes of physiological or psychological stress. It is frequently found in budgerigars, and can prove very challenging to treat effectively. **About megabacteriosis** Despite its name, megabacteriosis is actually caused by a yeast organism called *Macrorhabdus ornithogaster,* or avian gastric yeast. It was originally named for its appearance, because it looks like a large chain of merging bacteria. **Routes of transmission – spread to other birds** *M. ornithogaster* is very easily spread between birds through secretions from regurgitation and crop contents. Healthy birds should be kept separately to affected birds, in a separate air space. Good hygiene should be practiced when moving between birds i.e. always deal with healthy birds first, and ensure thorough hand washes after dealing with sick birds. Clothing changes may also be required depending on the situation. **How does it affect birds?** Megabacteria is often a secondary condition resulting from general ill health of the bird, which has been caused by something else. This means that birds with a primary condition (ranging from psychological conditions such as stress, to physical ailments) may be more prone to it. Some birds carry the yeast organism without any signs at all, however some infected birds will become very unwell. Unwell birds will display signs of gastrointestinal problems such as vomiting or regurgitation (accompanied by head-flicking), dark green to black faeces (often with undigested seed present) and anorexia. This can also result in weight loss and lethargy or depression. **Does megabacteriosis occur in people?** *M. ornithogaster* is a pathogen of birds and does not cross species barriers, so does not pose a threat to human health. **Diagnosis** Diagnosis of megabacteriosis is based on an index of clinical suspicion. Patients exhibiting vomiting, regurgitation of food or general ill health warrant further investigations. A crop wash may be performed initially, taking fluid from the crop for analysis, and samples may also be taken from your bird’s feaces (droppings). These are studied under a microscope to confirm the presence or absence of *M. ornithogaster*. A culture may also be performed to allow targeted, effective treatment of the yeast. Concurrent tests such as radiographs (x-rays) or blood tests may be necessary to rule in or out any primary causes that may have led to the infection. Any primary causes will need to be treated alongside the megabacteria infection. Your bird may need a general anaesthetic to allow these tests to be performed. **Treatment** Treatment for megabacteriosis can often be a very difficult and lengthy process. Treatment success cannot be guaranteed and can depend greatly on a number of factors. These include the bird’s compliance, stress levels associated with receiving medication, the compliance of the person administering the medication, and the primary cause of the bird’s illness, which should also be treated. A long course of antifungal medication is required. This may last for many weeks – length of treatment is determined by repeat samples from crop contents or faeces. Your bird’s diet may be changed to egg food whilst receiving treatment and for around 6 weeks afterwards if additional nutritional support is required. Affected birds will need regular veterinary checks throughout the recovery period, but once cured, have a good prognosis. **Categories:** Birds, Diseases **Tags:** anti-fungal, crop wash, regurgitation, secondary, stress, transmission, vomiting, yeast --- ### [Candidiasis](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2024/12/18/candidiasis/) **Published:** December 18, 2024 **Author:** admin **Excerpt:** C. albicans can be a primary gastrointestinal pathogen, especially in finches, but it is more frequently secondary to another problem.  **Content:** **What is candidiasis?** The causative agent is called *Candida albicans*, which is a small yeast that lives in the alimentary tract (anywhere between the mouth and the vent). Infection is mainly associated with warm, humid environments, such as those found in brooders, so often affects young birds. However, it is frequently over-diagnosed in older birds! *C. albicans* can be a primary gastrointestinal pathogen, especially in finches, but it is more frequently secondary to another problem. The yeast infection affects the entire length of the gastrointestinal tract but does not usually become systemic, i.e. it does not pass into the rest of the body. **Clinical signs** Many of the clinical signs associated with a *C. albicans* infection are non-specific, and often there will be additional clinical signs that pertain to the primary cause. Affected birds may demonstrate regurgitation or vomiting with concurrent head flicking: often it is only the head movement that is noticed by owners. Birds may also suffer from lethargy and weight loss. These birds are unable to process the food passing through their body, so can starve even when seemingly eating normally. They may also have diarrhoea with undigested food present within it. Affected birds may experience moulting problems or breathing problems as a result of swelling of the gastrointestinal tract. This reduces the space internally for the airsacs to expand. They may therefore adopt a sitting position with a forward tilt so that the tail and coelom (the equivalent of the abdomen) are elevated. This increases the internal space and so eases breathing. Eye and skin lesions are also common. **Diagnosis** The diagnosis of an infection with *C. albicans* is relatively simple, and can be done from a crop wash, a feacal wet preparation (often less effective than a crop wash), and sometimes from skin scrapes. The presence of budding yeast indicates an active infection, but it is important to note that it is normal to have some *Candida* present in many birds! Even once an active infection with *C. albicans* has been positively identified, the bird cannot be said to have been ‘diagnosed’ because the infection is often secondary to a change in gastrointestinal flora or to stress. In order to understand what is truly happening in that individual, the primary cause must be found and treated. This may include blood tests, faecal tests and further diagnostic imaging. **Treatment** Frequently, candidiasis is not treated at all: instead, we focus on finding the causative problem and rectifying it. However, some birds may become very unwell and require treatment, as part of a stabilisation process. These patients will require further investigation, and successful treatment does not indicate true resolution. Complete treatment only happens once the cause has been found an eliminated. Treatment of *C**. albicans* infection is with an oral medication, but this will only treat the yeast infection. Alternative medications are available and may be preferable in younger birds, but these have more dangerous side-effects. Nutritional and fluid support may be required, and pro-biotic formulas may aid rectification of the normal gastrointestinal flora. The most important part of treatment is treating the primary cause of stress or disease. **Can I get *C. albicans* myself?** *C.albicans* causes vaginal thrush in people. It is spread from affected birds in gastrointestinal fluids (droppings and regurgita), so providing that thorough hand-washing is performed after contact with secretions (including those on the bird), infection is unlikely. **Categories:** Birds, Diseases **Tags:** brooders, gastrointestinal flora, head-flicking, pro-biotics, secondary, stress, Thrush, yeast --- ### [Aspergillosis](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2024/12/18/aspergillosis/) **Published:** December 18, 2024 **Author:** admin **Excerpt:** Any bird may be affected by Aspergillus species, but it is most commonly associated with birds of prey and with parrot species that are taking a seed-based diet. **Content:** **About aspergillosis** *Aspergillus fumigatus* is ubiquitous in the environment, meaning that this yeast can be found everywhere. However, higher density populations are commonly found in food kept in feed bins or in damp environments e.g. foods kept in a shed, and also where poor husbandry is present e.g. damp cages containing old food. Many (if not all) birds are exposed to *Aspergillus* species, but most exposures do not result in clinical disease, aspergillosis. *A. fumigatus* is usually an opportunistic pathogen that is NOT contagious. However, affected birds may act as a source of fungal spores to others, and spores can be highly infectious. **Affected species** Any bird may be affected by *Aspergillus* species, but it is most commonly associated with birds of prey and with parrot species eating a seed-based diet. **Clinical signs (symptoms)** *A.fumigatus* is known as a silent killer. There are no specific clinical signs that accompany this disease, but affected birds exhibit alarming weight loss for no apparent reason. Affected birds may have a change of pitch in, or loss of voice, which is often the first thing noticed by parrot owners. Birds may exhibit laboured breathing so may sit with their legs wide apart, may bob their tail to breathe, or sit with their wings held out from the body. This is a result of plaques of inflammatory material becoming lodged in the airways, blocking air flow. These patients are often reluctant to fly, and are often reluctant to eat, despite their weight loss. **Diagnosis** Unfortunately, the diagnosis of *A. fumigatus* is often a diagnosis of exclusion (everything else is ruled out first). However, there may be time pressure to find and treat the cause with these birds. Blood tests may indicate an inflammatory process and along with the history, should form a basis of suspicion. X-rays should be taken and may show mottled patterns over all of the air passages. Swabs may be taken from the trachea for culture, but *Aspergillus* species are very slow-growing organisms, so results can take weeks to months to get back. Ideally, the patient should undergo endoscopy, which involves the insertion of a camera into the airways. This enables the veterinarian to both see and sometimes to remove plaques of material present, and to directly administer treatment onto affected areas. At the same time as having endoscopy, a fluid sample can be taken for culture, directly from the airways. **Aspergillosis and you** *Aspergillus fumigatus* is zoonotic, meaning that it can be passed between species, and can be transmitted from affected birds to people. This applies particularly to those people with chronic respiratory difficulties such as asthma, or the immunosuppressed such as the very young, the elderly, people with chronic conditions or those receiving chemotherapy. Fungal spores may also be readily carried as fomites on clothing. Regular contact with immunosuppressed people, who are not themselves in direct contact with the affected bird, can therefore still result in potentially very serious (if not fatal) infections. Strict hygiene measures must be observed if anyone in an ‘at risk’ category will be near or visited by someone near to the affected bird. Hygiene measures should include hand-washing, footwear and clothing changes as a minimum. **Treatment** The first question to consider in these cases is, ‘should we treat’? Treatment of aspegillosis patients is anything but easy, takes a very long time and there is no guarantee that a cure can be achieved. The treatment is expensive, so this should also be factored in. In addition, *Aspergillus* can affect those in contact with the affected bird over long periods of time, so if it is likely that the owner’s health will be severely compromised, euthanasia will usually be recommended for the patient. The most effective treatment utilises endoscopy. The patient undergoes an anaesthetic for endoscopy every 2 weeks to 6 months to remove plaques and to apply topical treatments to the affected areas. Although this method is the most effective, it requires repeated general anaesthetics and repeated x-rays to monitor the regression of the plaques. Another method of treatment involves nebulization with anti-fungal agents. This negates the need for anaesthesia but is not as effective as endoscopy. Oral systemic anti-fungal medications may also be used, but these risk significant damage to the liver. Any of the treatment options are a long-term commitment, with treatment lasting from a few weeks to many months. The response is not guaranteed, so a patient could be treated for 9-10 months but still be euthanised (put to sleep) or pass away with sudden death. However, treatment may be curative in some cases and these patients make good recoveries. In all cases, supportive treatment will be needed concurrently with the medication course, including supplementation of vitamin A and provision of nutritional support. **Categories:** Birds, Diseases, Husbandry, Poisons & toxins **Tags:** anti-fungal, beathing, bird of prey, clinical signs, damp, depressed, endoscopy, fungal, hygiene, immunosuppressed, infectious, nebulization, parrot, seed-based diet, treatment, vitamin A, wings, yeast, zoonotic --- ### [Diabetes](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2024/12/18/diabetes-mellitus/) **Published:** December 18, 2024 **Author:** admin **Excerpt:** Diabetes mellitus is an extremely common condition in cats, people and various other species – it can affect dogs, rodents, birds and many more. **Content:** #### About Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes mellitus is an extremely common condition in cats, people and various other species – it can affect dogs, rodents, birds and many more. There are three different forms of diabetes that are commonly discussed in people: type I, type II and type III (pregnancy) diabetes. Of these, it is the first two categories that apply to our pets, and these conditions are described in more detail below. Diabetes is a condition that affects the body’s ability to store glucose, which is the basic energy unit that all of our cells use to survive. Normally after we eat a meal, our digestive system breaks the foods down into their most basic units, including glucose. The pancreas releases insulin in response to the sudden increase in blood glucose levels, which causes the glucose to be taken out of the blood and stored in the liver for later use. When our blood sugar level falls too low again, the stored glucose is slowly released. Patients with diabetes mellitus have a problem with producing or regulating insulin. This means that despite a very high blood glucose level (known as hyperglycaemia), the body is unable to take the glucose out of the blood and store it for later use. A high level of circulating blood glucose is very dangerous. However, the more dangerous aspect of diabetes is that of a low circulating blood glucose. As previously stated, blood sugar levels rise after a meal, but they also fall as the cells in the body use the available glucose, and the liver then releases stored glucose to sustain the body until the next meal. Diabetic patients cannot remove sugar from the blood into their body, because insulin is not regulated. Their liver runs out of stored glucose (glycogen) very quickly, so there is very little energy held in reserve. When the blood sugar level runs low after sugars from a meal have been used up, there is therefore nothing to replace the sugar with, except another meal. In the absence of food, this condition is rapidly life-threatening: if the brain or any of the vital organs run out of energy, life cannot be sustained. #### **Type I Diabetes Mellitus** This used to be the most common form of diabetes in cats but can also be diagnosed in dogs, particularly in breeds that are predisposed. Type I diabetes may be caused by amyloidosis, which is a deposit of proteins around the cells of the pancreas (as well as in other places) that forms a barrier. In this way, although the body can produce insulin, the hormone produced is unable to get past the protein barrier, so very little or no insulin is released – causing diabetes. Alternatively, the pancreatic cells responsible for insulin production may actually be destroyed by the body, again resulting in an inability to produce insulin and clinical diabetes mellitus. Type I diabetes mellitus is often diagnosed earlier in life than type II diabetes mellitus and cannot be rectified by diet. Its management relies on replacement of natural (endogenous) insulin with injected insulin. There is also an oral form of insulin available for cats. #### Type II Diabetes Mellitus Type II diabetes used to be a condition rarely diagnosed in the veterinary industry. However, with the sudden and alarming rise in obesity amongst pet populations, this has become the most common cause of diabetes across all species and is directly linked to diet and poor exercise. Type II diabetes does not involve a change in the production or release of insulin, but is caused by a change in sensitivity of the body’s receptors for insulin. When the body is constantly subjected to elevated blood glucose concentrations, as is the case in overweight pets, insulin is released constantly in an attempt to regulate the circulating sugar levels. However, this response cannot be sustained long-term. In addition, overweight pets are less likely to be experiencing rigorous exercise on a regular basis. Normally, exercise stimulates an increase in sensitivity of the insulin receptors for insulin. However, this is significantly reduced in patients that do not exercise as much. Combined with the constant hyperglycaemia, the body downregulates its response to glucose, and a resulting diabetes develops. Type II diabetes may require treatment as for type I diabetes but is – at least in the initial stages – very amenable to changes in diet and lifestyle. Weight loss and increased exercise may completely cure many of these patients if done in a timely fashion and in conjunction with one another! #### Clinical signs (symptoms) Pets with diabetes often develop an enormous thirst and may treble their usual daily intake of water. They also need to urinate on a regular basis, and will urinate more frequently, for longer, or a combination of both of these. The urine may appear darker than usual or may change its smell. Vomiting and diarrhoea are not uncommon signs to encounter, and are associated with the change in circulating sugar levels. Pets may become very lethargic (tired). Frequently, they are extremely hungry and may beg for or steal food – despite the hyperglycaemia, these pets are starving. In unmanaged cases where pets are developing toxicity from the glucose (known as ketoacidosis), their breath may smell like pear drops. It is important to note that not everyone is able to smell the acids produced (the pear drop smell) so owners may be unaware that their pet is in a crisis state. #### Diagnosis Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus is based on the demonstration of glucosuria (glucose in the urine) at the same time as hyperglycaemia (elevated blood sugar levels). However, if the blood sugar level goes up for a short period of time, as can happen during periods of stress or as a sequel to some other diseases, there will be a concurrent glucosuria. It is therefore common to confirm the diagnosis with a blood test for the fructosamine level, which demonstrates a continual period of hyperglycaemia has been experienced by the pet for at least the previous two weeks. Newly diagnosed or suspected diabetic patients will usually need to have a blood glucose curve performed, which is a series of glucose measurements taken every hour throughout the day. This gives a graph of glucose use within the body and allows a suitable insulin dose to be calculated. Blood glucose curves will need to be repeated periodically during the life of the pet, usually every 6-12 months, but can be more frequent or more spread out depending on the clinical stability of the patient. To try to determine the type of diabetes, an ultrasound scan of the kidneys and pancreas may be recommended. This may also alter the recommended treatment, depending on the findings. #### **Commonly encountered sequels to diabetes mellitus** As previously stated, the effect of diabetes within the body are wide-ranging. Here is a list of commonly encountered conditions that may be a result of, or concurrent with diabetes:- - Cataracts (irreversible) and blindness - Renal damage causing chronic or acute insufficiency - Fatty liver disease (the body starts to break down fats instead of carbohydrates because it is starving) - Changes in hearing or smell of the patient - Hypertension (high blood pressure) - Recurrent cystitis and urinary tract infections, which may track up to the kidneys - Secondary infections are common because of the increased glucose in the blood, which provides an ideal multiplication medium for bacteria - Cardiac disease - Foot or leg injuries that cannot be treated and may require amputation - Diabetic ketoacidosis – acids from protein break-down (instead of carbohydrate break-down) build up in the blood and cause a crisis for the patient. This is a life-threatening condition and treatment must be sought immediately. #### Treatment The treatment of diabetes mellitus will largely depend on both the cause and the response to trialled treatment. It must also take compliance into consideration. There is no point in trying to give insulin via injection if the owner is not present or is unable to give it, or if the patient has other ideas about receiving the injections! For most cats, the initial treatment is likely to be a change of diet onto a veterinary feline diabetes diet. This change alone can effectively manage the disease in many cats, and many of them may revert to a disease-free state. In these cases, it is thought that the diabetes follows a path more akin to that of pregnancy diabetes in people. A reduction in stress factors and concurrent weight loss (if required) can significantly improve the response to treatment. Dogs may also be changed onto a veterinary diabetic diet and weight loss is advisable in the vast majority of cases (although not all). However, it is far less frequent in dogs than in cats for diet alone to manage the condition effectively. Many dogs and cats may require injections of insulin to manage the condition. This is most likely to be a life-long requirement (except in cats that revert) and requires dedication from both owner and pet alike. Most commonly, injections are administered twice a day on a twelve-hourly cycle and are given under the skin. There are now veterinary instruments available for home use to ensure that doses are administered as accurately as possible, and these are well worth investing in – please speak to your vet about these. In some cases where injections are unfeasible, oral hypoglycaemic agents may be given. These are nowhere near as effective as insulin injections but do offer an alternative in different species such as birds, and in cats that refuse to be handled! Oral hypoglycaemics may be administered twice a day, but frequency depends on the individual. Unfortunately, there are no veterinary diabetic diets available for birds, small mammals, rabbits or reptiles. Insulin injections are frequently – though not exclusively – based on mammalian insulin, so these preparations are not well tolerated in birds and reptiles. In all cases, it is extremely important to regulate food intake. The food consumed each day must be identical and must be given at the same times to allow the correct insulin dose to be calculated for your pet. Any fluctuations can be catastrophic, resulting in a loss or sudden increase in blood sugar levels. #### On-going care and expenses Diabetes mellitus is by no means an easy or cheap condition to treat! Patients with diabetes can be difficult to diagnose and to stabilize, especially if they are first presented in a crisis state, which can take days to weeks of intensive care (in hospital) to resolve. Regular fructosamine readings and blood glucose curves will be required whilst the insulin levels are titrated for the individual, which can take months. Other blood tests will also be required to check the condition of the kidneys and liver, the salt balances, and to check other organ systems. Maintained glucose levels are crucial to all tissues, but elevated glucose over a long period of time can be damaging and further supportive treatments may be required. This is particularly true of dogs with concurrent hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s Syndrome) or cats with concurrent chronic renal insufficiency. If your pet requires any anaesthesia or surgery during their condition, it is worth noting that diabetes mellitus can affect anaesthetic safety and can be detrimental to wound healing. As with people, diabetes in animals results in poor blood flow to the peripheral regions, so foot injuries can be extremely challenging to treat. #### How will my pet’s diabetes affect me? If your pet is diagnosed with diabetes mellitus, there may be intensive treatment and care routines in place for which you must be available. If you decide to treat your pet’s diabetes, you will need to have perseverance – injections are a learning curve for both the owner and the pet, and time and commitment are required by both parties! Perhaps surprisingly, even the most ferocious of patients often learn to tolerate injections well given time. Injections and oral medications should be given twelve hours apart, or as close to this as possible, so working times can be affected. This is also a consideration with regard to feeding: diabetic patients must be fed the same each day, and if this involves a snack or meal during the working day, you or someone else must be reliably available to provide this food. Increased expenditure should not be under-estimated! A financial commitment must be made from the start. It is likely that all diabetic patients will suffer from a sudden downturn in health at some stage within the disease progression, and this should be budgeted for in advance where possible. Veterinary diets are also more expensive than some commercially available diets, so this should be factored in when creating budgets. If you have an aversion to needles, please think seriously about whether giving injections will be a realistic option for you, or whether someone else will need to do this (and will be available to do so) for you. Time will need to be set aside for initial training sessions with your vets on how to administer medications and the danger signs to watch out for, as well as for the regular check-up appointments and tests. It is not always possible to treat diabetic patients for a number of reasons including owner and patient factors, as well as financial factors. Regardless of whether treatment is provided or not, diabetic patients will have a reduced lifespan compared with healthy animals. Treatment may stabilize patients for months to years, whist untreated patients may rapidly destabilize. In these cases, euthanasia may be recommended if diet alone cannot provide enough relief. **Categories:** Birds, Cats, Diets, Diseases, Dogs, Ferrets, Guinea-pigs, Rabbits, Rodents, Small mammals **Tags:** blood sugar, cats, diabetes, diabetic, diagnosis, diet, dogs, exercise, glucose, hyperglycaemia, hypoglycaemia, insulin, kidneys, pancreas, pear drops, rodents, symptoms, urine, vomiting, weight --- ### [Eye flushing](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2024/12/30/eye-flushing/) **Published:** December 30, 2024 **Author:** admin **Excerpt:** For most eye injuries, it is recommended that you seek veterinary care as even minor injuries can lead to loss of vision. However, there are steps you can carry out at home to provide first aid or treat simple problems (such as dirt in the eyes). **Content:** For most eye injuries, it is recommended that you seek veterinary care as even a minor eye injury can lead to loss of vision. However, there are steps you can carry out at home to provide first aid or treat simple problems (such as dirt in the eyes). Eye flushing is a useful tool and can be used with many eye injuries whilst awaiting medical assistance. #### Reasons for flushing eyes Foreign body removal (foreign bodies are objects that shouldn’t be in the eye, such as grit and dirt), first aid treatment of chemical contact (e.g. cleaning chemicals), to remove excess discharge, or to soothe sore eyes caused by pollutants such as smoke. #### Signs and symptoms of an ocular foreign body Your pet may squint, blink excessively, close one eye or avoid bright lights. Some pets may vocalise in pain. There may be redness present around the eye. #### Method for removing small, non-penetrating ocular foreign bodies If you have any sterile saline eye solution at home, this is ideal. Alternatively, tepid tap water is fine to use. An eye bath is handy to use if you have one, or a sports drinking bottle will provide a steady stream to flush your pet’s eye with. Be careful not to apply too much pressure. You may need a second person to help restrain your pet. For mammals, you should gently use a thumb to open the upper eyelid and then the lower eyelid to try to visualise the foreign body. For birds or reptiles, open the lower eyelid first, then the upper eyelid. If you visualise the foreign body and it is not penetrating the eye, it is safe to start flushing. Flush with the tepid water or saline solution for at least 10 minutes. Check your pet’s eye again for the presence of the foreign body. If it is still present, or your pet still appears to be in a lot of discomfort, you should seek veterinary advice. In the event of chemical contact, the above should be followed and then veterinary treatment should be sought immediately. If possible, keep the bottle containing the chemical to show to your vet. Continue to flush the eye for at least 20 minutes for all chemical contact cases. #### When to call the vet - The eye has prolapsed (this is where the eye has slipped from the socket. This commonly presents as bulging or complete displacement, and is usually as a result of trauma. Breeds with shallow eye sockets such as pugs and Pekinese dogs are more prone to this). - There is a penetrating foreign body in the eye (the object is embedded into the eye itself – this is often caused by objects such as splinters and grass seeds). - There is a visible injury to the eye - There is swelling around the eye - The eye has had contact with a chemical - There is discharge present- such as pus - The pet appears to be in discomfort, despite flushing using the method above **Categories:** Birds, Cats, Ferrets, First aid at home, Guinea-pigs, Injuries, Rabbits, Rodents, Small mammals, Tortoises, terrapins & turtles **Tags:** blinking, bright lights, chemical contact, discharge, eye bath, eyes, foreign bodies, injury, redness, saline, swelling, vision --- ### [Minor wounds](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2024/12/30/minor-wounds/) **Published:** December 30, 2024 **Author:** admin **Excerpt:** Tips for treating minor wounds, such as cuts and grazes, at home. **Content:** Many minor wounds such as cuts and grazes can be managed at home, but it is important to keep these wounds clean to avoid potential infection. Wounds can be effectively cleaned with salt water – you must first boil the water before leaving it to cool. 1 teaspoon of salt to 1 pint of water is plenty and is safe to use in all species. Cotton wool can stick to wounds, so we recommend using a clean towel, thick kitchen towel or cotton pads instead. #### Method Clean the wound from the centre outwards. A new piece of kitchen towel or a new cotton pad should be used each time. This avoids dipping contaminated material into the salt water solution. Keep cleaning the wound until all dirt and debris has been removed. Do not clean so vigorously as to irritate the surrounding skin. You may need to trim some of the surrounding hair. The safest way to do this is by using hair clippers, but a razor can be used in the absence of this. Scissors should only be used with the utmost care and can potentially cause further injury. However, they may be used on long strands of hair that are contaminating the wound. If you have disposable gloves to use, it is recommended that you wear them if treating a pet’s wound at home. If these aren’t available, you should wash your hands thoroughly before and after treating the wound, and take extra care not to touch the wound itself. #### Protecting the wound You should try to prevent your pet from licking the wound. A buster collar is ideal, if you have one available. T-shirts and baby-grows can also be effective barriers against persistent lickers! Dressings and bandages can be placed if appropriate. Full limb dressings should not be placed unless you have been shown how to do this by someone experienced. Damage can be caused to the limb if bandages are placed too tightly or incorrectly. Monitor the area around the dressing or bandage for any swelling. The dressing should be removed if swelling occurs or the pet is distressed, and veterinary advice should be sought. Animals living on bedding such as woodchips or sand should instead be housed on a substrate such as newspaper or fresh towels, until the wound has healed. This is to stop further contamination of the wound. #### When to call the vet - There is heavy contamination in the wound - There is a tear or flap in the skin which exposes the muscle layer underneath. - The wound was caused by an animal bite - The wound does not appear to be healing within a couple of days - Inflammation or pus is present, the surrounding area is hot or the animal appears to be unwell. **Categories:** Birds, Cats, Dogs, Ferrets, First aid at home, Guinea-pigs, Injuries, Rabbits, Reptiles & amphibians, Rodents, Small mammals, Tortoises, terrapins & turtles **Tags:** bandage, buster collar, cuts, dressings, grazes, infection, saline, salt water, swelling --- ### [Animal Health & Export Health certificates](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/08/animal-health-export-health-certificates/) **Published:** February 8, 2025 **Author:** admin **Excerpt:** How we can help with Animal Health Certificates, Export Health Certificates and Commercial exports **Content:** Part of our services offered include getting your pet to a foreign country – whether you are planning a holiday, or wish to emigrate. We are also able to certify commercial transactions for movements of birds, such as falcons, moving to a new owner in another country. #### Animal Health Certificates In the case of taking a holiday with your dog, cat, or ferret, you will require an Animal Health Certificate (AHC) for travel to the European Union and Northern Ireland. Some pets with passports issued in another EU country may still be able to travel on these, but British pet passports are invalid. Please see our page ‘Travel to Europe and Northern Ireland’ for more information on what is required, and what to expect. In general, your pet must be up-to-date with its routine vaccinations, have a current rabies vaccine, have a microchip, and must be healthy. Unhealthy pets may or may not be suitable for travel in accordance with UK welfare regulations, depending on the nature of their condition. This decision is made by the Official Veterinarian (OV), is irrefutable, and is final. Your pet must have a full health check with the vet, have its microchip scanned, and may need to have a tapeworm product administered prior to travel to certain countries. Please bring your pet’s vaccination record card with you to the appointment, so that it can be copied and certified as part of the AHC. An AHC may be issued up to 10 days before the planned travel date, up to the travel date. However, we generally allow 48 hours for processing of the paperwork, so please leave at least 48 hours between your appointment and departure. Don’t forget to factor in time to collect the AHC from the clinic! #### Export Health Certificates To travel with any companion or exotic animal species (excluding dogs, cats and ferrets) within the EU, and to travel with any species to countries outside the EU, you will require an Export Health Certificate (EHC). You will also need an EHC if you are emigrating to the EU with a dog, cat or ferret. Please see ‘Exporting Your Pet and Travel Outside of the EU’ for further information and requirements for this process. In general, your pet must be healthy, must have been resident in the UK for at least 3 months prior to your planned travel date, and must not show any signs of infectious or contagious disease. If your pet develops signs of contagious or infectious disease during the lead-up to travel – up to and including your travel date – it is unlikely that they will be able to travel. This decision is made by the Official Veterinarian (OV), is irrefutable, and is final. Please note that EHCs may require tests on, isolation of and proof of application of parasite products on your pet. Records may be required for several months before you travel, so enquiries should be made early to both the importing authorities of the destination country, and to the APHA (our exporting authority in GB). #### Commercial exports Any pet that will be going to live with a new owner or that will be purchased – whether for money or as part of an exchange – is classed as undergoing a commercial export. These pets will require an EHC, as above, but only certain OVs may export certain species. At Skylark Vets, we are licensed to export avian species for commercial purposes, so are able to assist with exports of birds of prey as well as pet parrots and other bird species. We are also legally able to assist with poultry, if required. However, we recommend using a poultry veterinary clinic if possible, because of stipulations regarding how may ‘days clean’ from other avian species a vet must be when making a visit to a poultry site for export purposes. This is difficult for us to achieve, because we frequently see pet parrots for routine consultations. **Categories:** Birds, Guinea-pigs, Rabbits, Reptiles & amphibians, Rodents, Small mammals, Tortoises, terrapins & turtles, Travel advice --- ### [Essentials of keeping cats (and ferrets!)](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/01/28/essentials-of-keeping-cats-and-ferrets/) **Published:** January 28, 2025 **Author:** admin **Excerpt:** Key things to know and do when keeping cats or ferrets, including tips on diet, exercise, enrichment, microchipping and general health **Content:** Cats were worshipped as gods in Ancient Egypt, and it’s clear to see why, when most of them rule us! Whether sporting sumptuous long hair, coarse short hair, no hair, or anything in between, our feline companions are independent yet demanding. Although many are capable of looking after themselves, they choose to come to us – when it suits them – so here are some good key things to know and do when keeping cats or ferrets, including tips on diet, exercise, enrichment, microchipping and general health. It is worth noting that ferrets are very similar to cats in several ways, so we have included them in this information set. #### A complete cat food is essential for your pet’s health and well-being Wet or dry food is acceptable: if using wet food, you will need to brush your pet’s teeth frequently; if using dry food, remember that it will expand in your pet’s stomach, so avoid feeding large volumes and always make sure fresh water is available. We recommend Royal Canin and Hills but many brands are acceptable – just make sure it suits your companion. Some cats may prefer meals, some may prefer to graze: either is fine! #### Food bowls must be provided These must be kept clean between meals to prevent build-up of bacteria and moulds that can be detrimental to your pet’s health. #### Fresh water must be available at all times Ensure that the bowl is cleaned regularly to avoid build-up of debris and bacteria. Some cats can be very fussy and may prefer to drink from garden water sources e.g. puddles and ponds – if your cat prefers this, ensure no algae is growing in these areas, or try leaving the water bowl out for 48 hours before changing the water. Tap water has fluoride added to help with our dental health, but it can be an unpleasant taste for our feline companions! Fluoride breaks down readily and will be almost gone after 24 hours of leaving water to stand. Other cats may prefer to drink from a source of running water, and a cat fountain can be invaluable in these cases. Others may only drink from a glass or a cup of water. Ensure that you watch your pet closely to find their preference, and do not be afraid to try lots of different methods! If your pet prefers wet food, they may not drink a great deal because most of their water will come in their food. #### A comfortable bed should be provided This should be one that can be easily washed, ideally at a high temperature (for those unfortunate occasions when your pet is ill). Try to avoid sharing a bed with your cat – although it can be warm and comfortable for you both, bedrooms are very dusty places and if you or your pet suffers with asthma or allergies, you will be best off sleeping in separate rooms. #### Legislative requirements for identifying cats Microchips are mandatory for all cats since April 2024. #### Collars are a controversial subject If you decide your cat will wear a collar, please only purchase the quick release style collar. Collars may become caught on trees, items of furniture etc., and if there is no quick release, your pet may be strangled. If your pet is wearing a collar, please ensure you purchase the right size and that it is not too tight – the collar should not cause the fur to be rubbed away. #### Litter trays Even if your cat is an outdoor cat, he or she may well prefer not to have to go outside when it is pouring with rain and cold, especially if you have a geriatric pet. Outdoor cats are unlikely to use the litter tray for the majority of the year, but cats suffer with (and very effectively hide) stress, which can be brought on simply by not having enough options. Cats can be fussy with litter, so try out several types before selecting a final brand for your companion. Bear in mind that cats do not like to eat and drink in the same place, but they detest having toilet facilities next to their dinner plate – who wouldn’t? Litter trays must be kept in a separate location to the food and water bowls. If you have more than one cat, the general rule for a happy household is to have one litter tray per cat, plus one spare. These should be placed in different locations: cats are largely solitary beings by nature, and even a dearly loved sibling can be a trying individual to tolerate when sharing a toilet! #### Scratching positions Cats like to keep their claws sharp (and contrary to popular belief, they are sharpening their claws on these, not filing them down) but need appropriate materials to do so. Outdoors, they may well use a tree, but indoors some of the best material is carpet. If you have stairs, consider covering the end of the banister with an off-cut to protect your furniture! Many scratching post toys are commercially available. #### If your cat will be travelling in the car Please ensure that they are secure to prevent them being launched through the windscreen in case of an accident, or escaping from an open window. Cat carriers are commercially available and can easily have a seatbelt fed through them to keep your friend safe. Alternatively a small pet crate may be used. #### Regular health care Your cat will need vaccinations every year and will receive a full health check at this time. However, we recommend six monthly check-ups – particularly in our older companions or those with on-going conditions – as a minimum to keep up-to-date with your pet’s health. Ensure that you bring your pet in whenever a problem presents itself – we wouldn’t wait to go to the doctor ourselves, and would dread to make our children wait, so please apply the same thought process to your cherished companion! #### Cat toothbrush and toothpaste It is essential to brush your pet’s teeth on a daily basis to keep their mouth free from disease and pain. Many cats tolerate this well if introduced to this from a young age. Be prepared for dental treatment as needed, which could be on an annual or even six-monthly basis if your pet is not amenable to having its teeth brushed or has an on-going condition! Some cats may develop an auto-immune condition that causes their body to attack their tooth roots. This is extremely painful but will not cause your pet to stop eating, so may be difficult for you to spot. We will always check for this during an examination, and if found, will very likely be recommending removal of the affected teeth. #### Regular exercise Obesity is a clinical condition that falls well and truly within the remit of the five freedoms. It is very difficult to make a cat exercise in the way that we would a dog, although some cats are very amenable to wearing a harness and going for a walk! Cats spend a lot of time sleeping, but many love to play with toys such as light sources (please ensure these are never shone directly into their eyes) or toys on the end of a string (please ensure they never eat the string). Dedicating an hour of your day to play with your pet will dramatically increase their energy levels and help to prevent weight gain, as well as providing quality time for you to enjoy each other’s company. If you are struggling with getting your cat to exercise, please contact us for advice and suggestions. #### Be prepared to deal with any emotional problems your pet may demonstrate Frequently encountered examples include fear of thunder or fireworks, and stress related to living with other pets (even a seemingly loved sibling). There are many strategies for dealing with these things, including calming medications, pheromone emitters, strategies for feeding time and litter box placement, and sedatives. Please contact us for advice if you are worried about your pet. #### Ferrets The points for cats are applicable to ferrets, but it should be noted that it is normal for a ferret to sleep for eighteen hours a day! However, they should be very active for the remaining time and are extremely sociable animals so must have company and a variety of toys to keep them occupied. Please ensure you have a well secured area for them to play in: they are intelligent, dextrous and extremely good at escaping! Ferrets do not need so many litter trays as domestic cats do, but keeping several per group is still a good idea to minimise competition and stress. **Categories:** Cats, Ferrets, Husbandry **Tags:** diet, enrichment, exercise, ferrets, housing, litter trays, microchip, teeth, water --- ### [Essentials of keeping dogs](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/01/28/essentials-of-keeping-dogs/) **Published:** January 28, 2025 **Author:** admin **Excerpt:** The basics of looking after man's best friend. **Content:** Dogs are man’s best friend according to our proverb, and we would agree! Coming in all shapes and sizes, they ask for nothing more than love, food and exercise from us. Different breeds of dogs are prone to different medical conditions. For example, dogs with short noses may have difficulty breathing or snore a lot, whilst large dogs may suffer with hip and spinal pain. Whatever the breed you have, we are sure that you love your pet just as much as they love you! If you are thinking about getting a dog for the first time, we recommend contacting us for a chat about which breeds might suit your lifestyle. In all cases, there are a few essential nuggets below to help you keep your best friend in best order. #### A complete dog food is essential for your pet’s health and well-being Wet or dry food is acceptable: if using wet food, you will need to brush your pet’s teeth frequently. If using dry food, remember that it will expand in your pet’s stomach! Avoid feeding large volumes in any single meal and always make sure fresh water is available. We recommend Royal Canin and Hills but many brands are acceptable – just make sure it suits your companion. Some dogs may prefer meals, some may prefer to graze: either is fine! #### Food bowls must be provided in the interest of hygiene They must be kept clean between meals to prevent build-up of bacteria and moulds that can be detrimental to your pet’s health. #### Fresh water must be available at all times Ensure that the bowl is cleaned regularly to avoid the build-up of debris and bacteria. Some dogs may prefer to drink from garden water sources e.g. puddles and ponds. If your dog prefers this, ensure no algae is growing in these areas, or try leaving the water bowl out for 48 hours before changing the water. Tap water has added fluoride to help with our dental health, but it can be an unpleasant taste for our canine companions! Fluoride breaks down readily and will be almost gone after 24 hours of leaving water to stand. #### A comfortable bed should be provided This should be one that can be easily washed, ideally at a high temperature (for those unfortunate occasions when your pet is ill). Try to avoid sharing a bed with your dog! Although it can be warm and comfortable for you both, bedrooms are very dusty places. If you or your pet suffers with asthma or allergies, you will be best off sleeping in separate rooms. #### All dogs are legally required to wear a collar with an identification tag and to have a microchip implanted The identification tag should include your pet’s name, a contact number and address. Try to avoid adding too much personal information (this can be used by less moral people holding pets to ransom)! The microchip contains a code for a number. When scanned, this number gives access to your personal information, kept by the microchip company. This information will only be accessed by authorized persons i.e. your vet, a rescue centre or the police. #### Many dogs will walk very well at heel, but it is a good idea to keep a lead or harness to hand! You may need firmer control of your pet at times, for example, to pull them away from a less friendly dog. If your companion weighs less than 12kg, please always use a harness. Pulling on a lead attached to the collar or neck will inflict a small whiplash injury each time, even with very light pressure. #### If your pet will be travelling by car, please ensure that they comply with the law A car harness can be purchased that allows them to wear a seatbelt, or if travelling in the boot of the car, a dog guard must be fitted to prevent your friend from being propelled over the top of the seats and through the windscreen in the event of an accident. Alternatively a car crate may be used. #### Regular health care: your dog will need vaccinations every year and will receive a full health check at this time. However, we recommend six monthly check-ups – particularly in our older companions or those with on-going conditions – as a minimum to keep up-to-date with your pet’s health. Ensure that you bring your pet in whenever a problem presents itself – we wouldn’t wait to go to the doctor ourselves, and would dread to make our children wait, so please apply the same thought process to your loving friend! #### Doggie toothbrush and toothpaste It is essential to brush your pet’s teeth on a daily basis to keep their mouth free from disease and pain. Many dogs tolerate this well if introduced to this from a young age. Be prepared for dental treatment as needed, which could be on an annual or even six-monthly basis if your pet is not amenable to having its teeth brushed or has an on-going condition! #### Regular exercise Obesity is a clinical condition that falls well and truly within the remit of the five freedoms. If you are unable to walk your pet, please make provisions for somebody else to exercise him or her for you. Dogs should be walked at least twice a day, at a brisk pace, for at least 20 minutes each time. Of course, different breeds have different exercise requirements and this is only a guideline – for more detailed information on a specific breed, please feel free to contact us. Standing and chatting to your friends whilst the dogs play together is enjoyable and an important part of your dog’s socialization, but frequently does not provide them with enough exercise. If they are running around constantly at high speed, this is fine, but few of us have dogs that amuse themselves for so long! They want to play with you, their companions, as well as their canine friends. Throwing a ball (of suitable size) or other toy (no sticks or jagged items, please) can provide ample exercise for your pet and gives them more bonding time with you. Please also remember to bring poo bags out with you and to use the provided bins, unless you are fortunate enough to walk in an area without fouling restrictions. #### Be prepared to deal with any emotional problems your pet may demonstrate Frequently encountered examples include fear of thunder or fireworks. There are many strategies for dealing with these things, including clothing items, calming medications and sedatives. Please contact us for advice if you are worried about your pet. **Categories:** Diets, Dogs, Husbandry **Tags:** bed, behaviour, diet, exercise, hygiene, microchip, teeth, travel, vaccinations, water --- ### [Guinea-pig diets](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/05/guinea-pig-diets/) **Published:** February 5, 2025 **Author:** admin **Excerpt:** Guinea-pigs are completely herbivorous and need a diet high in Vitamin C. All you need to know about creating the best diet for your guinea-pigs. **Content:** Guinea-pigs are completely herbivorous and will spend most of their day grazing on a variety of grasses and weeds. They can be vulnerable to diseases caused by incorrect feeding and should have a high fibre diet to ensure that they maintain a healthy gastro-intestinal system and healthy teeth. Like humans, guinea-pigs are unable to synthesise their own vitamin C and therefore require a regular source of vitamin C in their diets. #### Diet-related health concerns ##### Vitamin C deficiency A deficiency in vitamin C will lead to loss of energy, swollen joints, skin sores, bleeding, loss of appetite, diarrhoea and eventually death. These problems can occur due to a lack of vitamin C in the diet, or occasionally can be due to an underlying condition which prevents the guinea-pig from absorbing vitamin C from its food. ##### Dental disease Some Guinea-pigs are prone to dental disease. Guinea-pig’s teeth grow constantly, and are worn down naturally through the action of eating hay. Dental disease occurs when the teeth continue to grow- causing pain, sores, abscesses or physical deformities of the mouth. Dental problems can occur due to poor diet or poor breeding/conformation and will eventually lead to the guinea-pig being unable to eat at all. This can lead to gut-stasis, starvation and death if not treated. A general anaesthetic is required to carry out dental treatment, and some guinea-pigs may require dental work as frequently as every 6 weeks. A correct diet will reduce or sometimes eliminate the occurrence of dental disease. ##### Gut stasis (Ileus) Ileus or gut stasis is the term used to describe a condition where the part of or the entire gastro-intestinal tract ceases to move. It is very common in rabbits and can also occur in guinea-pigs and other small mammals. Movement along the gut (peristalsis) is what is required to pass food along the gastro-intestinal tract during digestion. Cessation of peristalsis can lead to the cecum not emptying quickly enough and can lead to harmful bacteria proliferating within the gut. These harmful bacteria can emit gas, causing severe pain and bloat. Some of these bacteria can also release deadly toxins, potentially leading to liver failure. Ileus can also cause dehydration and anorexia. Gut stasis can occur for a number of reasons and frequently occurs as a secondary condition to dental disease. ##### Obesity Obesity can occur in guinea-pigs that are fed a predominantly high carbohydrate diet such as muesli or pellets. This can lead to a number of different health problems such as heart disease and liver disease. Excess weight can also exacerbate arthritis and hinder the guinea-pig’s ability to groom, which can increase their risk of flystrike. #### Appropriate diet As mentioned above, guinea-pigs are predominantly grazers and their diet should reflect this. The ideal diet for a guinea-pig should consist of hay, grass, weeds, greens and vitamin C rich vegetables and fruit. With a correct diet, most guinea-pigs do not need pellets, although some owners find they help some outdoor guinea-pigs to maintain their weight during colder months. You should still ensure that your guinea-pig has plenty of bedding to bed down in to protect them from damp and draughts. Many guinea-pig pellets are marketed as being supplemented with vitamin C – however it is worth noting that in most cases, the vitamin C will degrade after packaging and quickly become ineffective. They should therefore not be a replacement for vegetables and fruit. If you do choose to feed pellets, these should be scattered around the guinea-pig enclosure to encourage foraging. #### Key points for correct nutrition As with all animals, fresh water should always be provided. A heavy water bowl offers a more natural way for your guinea-pig to drink than water bottles, however may become easily soiled and should be changed regularly. Ad-lib hay should always be available. Get the best quality hay that you can- it should smell sweet and not be dusty. Types of suitable hay include timothy hay, oat hay or meadow hay. Alfalfa hay is best avoided in guinea-pigs, as it is higher in protein and calcium which can lead to kidney disease and bladder stones. Fresh or growing grass should also be available where possible. This is best supplied by allowing your guinea-pig to use a large outdoor space, giving them the chance to graze naturally and exhibit normal behaviour. Never feed lawn mower clippings, as these can ferment quickly, causing digestive upsets and gut stasis. Foraging should be encouraged – provide a large exercise in an outdoor area where your guinea-pig can explore and graze. Scatter favourite foods around the area rather than feeding from one bowl. There are also a number of feeding toys available, which can provide added enrichment. #### Weeds and plants There are many safe weeds and plants that your guinea-pig can enjoy. These include dandelions, plantains, clover and thistles. Many pet shops now sell weeds for guinea-pigs in dry forms too, adding some variety to your pet’s diet throughout the year. #### Vegetables and fruit We recommend offering vegetables and fruit as part of your guinea-pig’s daily diet – you should focus on items that contain substantial amounts of vitamin C. ##### Foods that are high in vitamin C - Dandelion leaves - Kale - Brussel sprouts - Parsley - Broccoli leaves and florets - Cauliflower - Cabbage - Spinach - Strawberries - Raspberries - Blueberries - Oranges The more sugary fruits should be given in moderation, as diets that are high in sugar can lead to digestive upsets in guinea-pigs. #### Vitamin C supplementation There are a number of vitamin C supplements now available for guinea-pigs and supplementation is generally recommended. We can advise you on these or order them in for you – please contact us for more information. #### Food to avoid ##### Muesli diets These are not suitable for guinea-pigs and will eventually lead to health problems as they are high in carbohydrates. They also allow the guinea-pig to selectively feed, leading to dietary deficiencies. ##### Human food Guinea-pigs have very sensitive digestive systems; therefore food such as bread, crisps and biscuits can easily cause gastro-intestinal upsets, leading to gut stasis. ##### Commercial treats These are usually marketed as safe for guinea-pigs, but are often high in sugar and offer no nutritional benefit. We recommend feeding some of the plants or vegetables above as treats instead. There are some companies which now produce treats made of natural grasses or weeds – these can be a suitable option. Please contact us for advice if you have a specific question about a product you’ve seen. #### Toxic foods to be avoided at all costs - Any plants, grass or hay that has been treated with chemicals such as pesticides or weed killers - Lawn mower clippings - Avocado - Anything from the allium family, including: onions, garlic, leeks and chives - Tubers such as potatoes - Any plants grown from a bulb. These include: daffodils, bluebells, crocuses, snowdrops and tulips - Buttercups - Primroses - Poppies - Foxgloves - Ivy - Holly - Human foods such as chocolate, caffeine and alcohol. The list of plants that are toxic to guinea-pigs is non-exhaustive and there are too many to list here! Please research any plants carefully before planting them in areas that your guinea-pig has access to or contact us if you have any concerns. **Categories:** Diets, Guinea-pigs --- ### [Rabbit diets](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/05/rabbit-diets/) **Published:** February 5, 2025 **Author:** admin **Excerpt:** Rabbits are particularly vulnerable to disease resulting from incorrect feeding. So here's what you need to know. **Content:** Rabbits are particularly vulnerable to disease resulting from incorrect feeding. Rabbits are grazing animals and in the wild will spend around 70% of their time foraging for food. They are completely herbivorous and the basis of their diet should be unlimited grass and hay. This will provide the fibre needed for a healthy gut and will reduce common dental issues. Leafy greens should also feature during feeding, with weeds such as dandelions and plantains providing essential vitamins, minerals and fibre. #### Diet related health concerns ##### Dental disease Many rabbits are prone to dental disease. Rabbit’s teeth grow constantly, and are worn down naturally through the action of eating hay. Dental disease occurs when the teeth continue to grow- causing pain, sores, abscesses or physical deformities of the mouth. Dental problems can occur due to poor diet or poor breeding/conformation and will eventually lead to the rabbit being unable to eat at all. This can lead to gut-stasis, starvation and death if not treated. A general anaesthetic is required to carry out dental treatment, and some rabbits may require dental work as frequently as every 6 weeks. A correct diet will reduce or sometimes eliminate the occurrence of dental disease. ##### Gut stasis Ileus or gut stasis is the term used to describe a condition where part of or the entire gastro-intestinal tract ceases to move. It is very common in rabbits and can be caused by a number of factors including dental disease, stress, other illnesses or poor diet. ##### Obesity Obesity can occur in rabbits that are fed a predominantly high carbohydrate diet such as muesli or pellets. This can lead to a number of different health problems such as heart disease and liver disease. Excess weight can also exacerbate arthritis and hinder the rabbit’s ability to groom, which can increase their risk of flystrike. #### Appropriate Diet In captivity, rabbits were originally bred for meat- and so were traditionally fed muesli diets. This was a diet designed for short-lived rabbits to help increase weight gain. These diets are very outdated and will cause a number of health problems for our pet rabbits, who we hope to keep for up to 12 years or sometimes longer. Although commercial rabbit pellets have come a long way in recent years and are far superior to muesli mixes, we still advise owners to follow their rabbit’s natural diet as closely as possible. This should be a diet of predominantly hay, grass and weeds. You can also offer small amounts of fruit and vegetables. Most rabbits do not need pellets; however some owners find they help some outdoor rabbits maintain weight over colder months when they are using more energy. Your rabbit does not need more than 25g of food per kg of bodyweight in pellets per day- these should be scattered around their enclosure to encourage foraging. #### Caecotrophs and coprophagia in rabbits (eating of soft faeces) Caecotrophs refer to small soft faecal pellets. These are the result of the fermentation of food in the caecum. The soft pellets are then eaten by the rabbits so that more nutrients can be absorbed. Caecotrophs are high in protein and provide essential vitamins which would otherwise be lost. The ingestion of these soft faecal pellets is therefore vital to the overall health of rabbits. This is known as coprophagia. #### Key points As with all animals, fresh water should always be provided. A heavy water bowl offers a more natural way for your rabbit to drink than water bottles, however may become easily soiled and should be changed regularly. Ad-lib hay should always be available. Get the best quality hay that you can- it should smell sweet and not be dusty. Types of suitable hay include timothy hay, oat hay or meadow hay. Alfalfa hay is best avoided in adult rabbits, as it is higher in protein which can lead to kidney disease. Fresh or growing grass should also be available where possible. This is best supplied by allowing your rabbit to use a large outdoor space, giving them the chance to graze naturally and exhibit normal behaviour. Never feed lawn mower clippings, as these can ferment quickly, causing digestive upsets and gut stasis. Foraging should be encouraged – provide a large exercise in an outdoor area where your rabbit can play and graze. Scatter favourite foods around the area rather than feeding from one bowl. There are also a number of feeding toys available, which can provide added enrichment. Weeds and plants – there are many safe weeds and plants that your rabbit can enjoy. Many pet shops now sell weeds for rabbits in dry forms too, adding some variety to your pet’s diet throughout the year. #### Safe weeds - Dandelion - Clover - Plantains - Thistles - Chickweed - Young bramble leaves #### Other safe plants - Marigolds - Nasturtiums - Herbs – basil, coriander & mint - Roses - Cornflower - Apple leaves #### Fruit and Vegetables Most fruits and some vegetables are high in sugar and should only make up a small part of your rabbit’s daily diet. Fruit that is particularly sugary, such as apples and strawberries should be limited to small amounts once or twice a week. Safe fruit and vegetables include: - Cabbage - Broccoli - Cauliflower (including leaves) - Carrot tops and roots (roots are high in sugar and should be fed in small amounts) - Squash, including courgettes and cauliflower. (Feed in moderation) - Salad greens (these should be fed in moderation) - Spinach - Kale - Peppers #### Foods to avoid - Muesli diets. As mentioned above, these are not suitable for rabbits and will eventually lead to health problems as they are high in carbohydrates. They also allow the rabbit to selectively feed, leading to dietary deficiencies. - Human food. Rabbits have very sensitive digestive systems; therefore food such as bread, crisps and biscuits can easily cause gastro-intestinal upsets, leading to gut stasis. - Commercial treats. These are usually marketed as safe for rabbits, but are often high in sugar and offer no nutritional benefit. We recommend feeding some of the plants or vegetables above as treats instead. There are some companies which now produce treats made of natural grasses or weeds – these can be a suitable option. Please contact us for advice if you have a specific question about a product you’ve seen. #### Toxic Food – these should be avoided at all costs - Any plants, grass or hay that has been treated with chemicals such as pesticides or weed killers - Lawn mower clippings - Avocado - Anything from the allium family, including: onions, garlic, leeks and chives - Tubers such as potatoes - Any plants grown from a bulb. These include daffodils, bluebells, crocuses, snowdrops and tulips. - Buttercups - Primroses - Poppies - Foxgloves - Ivy - Holly - Human foods such as chocolate, caffeine and alcohol. The list of plants that are toxic to rabbits is non-exhaustive and there are too many to list here! Please research any plants carefully before planting them in areas that your rabbit has access to and contact us if you need advice. **Categories:** Diets, Rabbits --- ### [Diets for tortoises and herbivorous lizards](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/05/diets-for-tortoises-and-herbivorous-lizards/) **Published:** February 5, 2025 **Author:** admin **Excerpt:** Tortoises and lizards come from all over the world and, as such, their diets vary from species to species. You should confirm what species your tortoise or lizard is before carefully researching a suitable diet for them.  **Content:** Tortoises and lizards come from all over the world and, as such, their diets vary from species to species. You should confirm what species your tortoise or lizard is before carefully researching a suitable diet for them. We are able to help you with this so please contact us if you are unsure. #### Commercial diets Commercial diets are not recommended for tortoises and lizards, as many are too high in protein and do not take into account specific species requirements. We recommend sticking to a diet close to what your pet would eat in the wild. For most commonly kept species of tortoise; this will be predominantly weeds and other plants. Some species of less commonly-kept tortoises and many herbivorous lizards can also eat fruit. #### Commonly kept species of tortoise ##### Horsfields (also known as Russian Tortoises), Hermann’s, Spur Thighed and Marginated tortoises These tortoises are completely herbivorous and require a low protein diet. Contrary to old fashioned myths, they should never be fed dog or cat food. You should also avoid feeding them high protein vegetables, such as peas and beans. Diets high in protein can cause kidney diseases in these species. In the wild, these species would rarely come across fruit so should only rarely be fed this as a treat or to help them accept medication, as the high sugar content can upset their digestive system. ##### Weeds and plants By far the best diet for most Mediterranean or desert species of tortoise is a plant based diet. Variety is the key, as no single type of plant or weed will provide all of the nutrition your tortoise needs. We recommend planting some tortoise friendly plants in your garden, and saving a section of the garden where tortoise-friendly weeds can grow. Ensure that any plants or flowers grown for your tortoise are not treated with any pesticides, fertilisers or other chemicals that may be harmful to your tortoise. ##### Safe commonly growing weeds - Grass (wheat, barley and timothy) - Dandelion (including flowers)Hawkbit - Hawk’s Beard - Plantains - Thistles – including sowthistle, glow thistle and scotch thistle - Dead Nettle (young stinging nettle leaves can also be fed in moderation) - Clover (in moderation) - Young bramble leaves (in moderation) - Bindweed (in moderation) - Chickweed (in moderation) Commonly grown safe plants and flowers - Pansies, violets and violas - Forget-me-nots - Geraniums - Campanula - Antirrhinum - Mimulus ##### Lettuce and salad Whilst most types of lettuce and other salads leaves are safe to feed, salad leaves alone do not meet the nutritional or fibre requirements for tortoises and should only form a small part of the diet. Packaged cut lettuce will lose some of its nutritional value, so it is best to buy the whole lettuce or grow your own. A tortoise fed on lettuce alone will not thrive and may suffer from long-term health problems. ##### Other shop bought food – these should only be fed in small amounts - Rocket - Pak Choi - Kale - Cress - Watercress - Grated carrot - Cucumber - Basil - Thyme #### Other species of tortoise Red footed tortoises and yellow footed tortoises are tropical species and are the most commonly kept fruit-eating species of tortoise. The bulk of their diet should consist of many of the plants listed above, but they should also enjoy a wide variety of fruits and vegetables, which should form around 15% of their diet. These tortoises will also eat carrion in the wild, and so a small amount of animal protein such as low fat rehydrated dry dog food can be offered every 1-2weeks. ##### Safe fruit and vegetables for fruit-eating species - Papaya - Mango - Strawberries - Bananas - Berries - Courgette - Squash - Bell Peppers #### Herbivorous Lizards Herbivorous lizards such as green iguanas can enjoy many of the foods listed above – most food that is safe for tortoises is also safe for other herbiovous reptiles. Their diet should predominantly be made up of dark leafy greens, with chopped or grated vegetables (such as courgette, squash, carrot and sweet potato). Fruits such as papaya, mango, strawberries and bananas should form around 5% of their diet. #### UV lighting and Calcium Broad spectrum UV lighting is essential to most reptiles, particularly diurnal species such as Mediterranean and desert tortoises. In the warmer months, UVB is best obtained through spending time outdoors in the sunshine– please note that a glass window will block the UVB part of sunlight, so indoor tortoise enclosures should have a UVB lamp attached that is suitable for desert species. Reptiles use UVB by converting Vitamin D into Vitamin D3, which then aids the absorption of calcium- without UVB, they are simply unable to absorb calcium, even if the rest of their diet is perfect. Calcium plays a vital role in nerve and muscle function, as well as preventing metabolic bone disease. It is important that you provide a calcium supplement. We recommend Nutrobal as a good, all-round supplement for tortoises. #### Water Most tortoises are unable to drink from a shallow water bowl, so we recommend they have access to a large water bowl or tray that is big enough for them to climb completely into to drink. The water should be deep enough to come up to the skirt of their plastron, but should be shallow enough for them to be able to lift their head out of the water. Tortoises are able to consume water through their cloaca and their bladder – so don’t be alarmed if they appear to just sit there! Some will also submerge their head under the water to drink. Warm baths should be offered a minimum of twice a week for 15-20minutes. Ideally, these baths can be given every day if you can- this will help to keep your tortoise hydrated and help them to eliminate urates and faeces. **Categories:** Diets, Reptiles & amphibians, Tortoises, terrapins & turtles --- ### [Diet information for bearded dragons & other omnivorous reptiles](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/05/diet-information-for-bearded-dragons-other-omnivorous-reptiles/) **Published:** February 5, 2025 **Author:** admin **Excerpt:** Reptiles come in all shapes and sizes and their diets are very specific to the species. It is very important that you correctly identify your species so that you can feed them correctly. **Content:** Reptiles come in all shapes and sizes and their diets are very specific to the species. It is really important that you correctly identify your species or reptile to provide them with optimal nutrition and care. Poor nutrition can lead to diseases such as metabolic bone diseases as well as diseases of vital organ systems. Please call us for advice if you need help choosing the correct diet for your particular reptile – we will update this page with the diets of some of the most commonly kept species below. #### Bearded dragons and other omnivorous lizards Please check the nutritional requirements of your pet carefully or contact us for advice. Juvenile lizards need more protein than adults and diets may change with age. Adult Bearded Dragons should have a diet of over 85% vegetation, whilst younger individuals should have around 90% insects. Vegetation can be in form of a variety of vegetables and weeds- different coloured vegetables will provide a wider range of vitamins for your dragon. ##### Safe vegetables and plants for Bearded Dragons: - Bell peppers - Kale - Water cress - Rocket - Squash - Carrots - Cabbage and dandelion. - Some vegetables such as squash may need to be cooked to make them more palatable to your dragon Bearded dragons can also enjoy a range of fruits – these should be only offered as a small part of the diet as they are high in sugar which can lead to dental disease and fermentation in the gut. It is best to avoid citrus fruits due to their high acidity which can lead to diarrhoea. ##### Safe fruits (feed in small amounts only) - Strawberries - Blueberries - Apples - Pears - Grapes - Apricots - Peaches - Mangos - Papaya ##### Safe insects (should form 90% of diet for juveniles, but only up to 15% of the diet for adults) - Crickets - Wax worms - Silk worms - Butter worms - Meal worms (adults only) ##### Considerations when feeding insects ##### Parasites Many insects can transmit parasites such as pin-worm. Signs of a parasite burden commonly include: change in demeanour (listlessness), constipation or diarrhoea, poor appetite and weight loss. Some affected dragons show no symptoms at all so it is recommended that your bearded dragon is wormed routinely every 3 months- please contact us for advice on this. You should avoid feeding insects found in your garden. ##### Injury Some insects such as crickets can actually feed on your dragon! If your dragon isn’t interested in eating them, you should remove any uneaten insects and try again later. Occasionally insect bites can lead to infection or swelling, requiring veterinary treatment. ##### Feeding the insects In order to ensure your dragon’s diet is as balanced as possible, you should feed their food! This can easily be achieved by feeding them any spare vegetable peelings or left over fruit or salad. It is best to use a wide variety of fruits and vegetables of different colours. #### UV lighting and Calcium Broad spectrum UV lighting is essential to most reptiles, particularly diurnal desert species such as bearded dragons. Reptiles use UVB by converting Vitamin D into Vitamin D3, which then aids the absorption of calcium- without UVB, they are simply unable to absorb calcium, even if the rest of their diet is perfect. Calcium plays a vital role in nerve and muscle function, as well as preventing metabolic bone disease. It is important that you provide a calcium supplement, which may be given either by gut loading insects, dusting food, or providing powders in a bowl for your pet to lick. We recommend Nutrobal as a good all-round supplement for reptiles. **Categories:** Diets, Reptiles & amphibians --- ### [Diet information for dogs](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/05/diet-information-for-dogs/) **Published:** February 5, 2025 **Author:** admin **Excerpt:** Providing your dog a balanced diet is vital in maintaining its overall health. What should you consider? **Content:** Choosing the right diet for your dog can be daunting for a new owner and any change in diet should be discussed with your vet. Providing your dog a balanced diet is vital in maintaining overall health. An unbalanced diet may lead to problems such as poor growth, weight gain, weakness, bladder stones, skeletal problems and digestive problems among others. #### What we recommend We recommend that a ‘complete’ diet is fed to your dog. This is to ensure that the correct balance of proteins, carbohydrates, fats, fibre, minerals and vitamins are obtained. Our recommended range includes Hills and Royal Canin. These diets are scientifically formulated to include all of the essential nutrients required to ensure optimal health. These companies also have a range of diets tailored to pet’s specific medical needs, aiding in recovery or control of disease. Is your dog a little picky? Does he or she frankly think ‘dog food’ may be a step too far? Don’t worry – we also recommend Butternut Box. This is a complete diet in a home-cooked style. Most of the recipes are made with a single protein source, so may be used for dogs with some food allergies. To order your first discounted box, please use our referral link [www.butternutbox.com/SkylarkVets](http://www.butternutbox.com/skylarkvets). A wide variety of excellent diets are available on the market, and what may suit one pet won’t necessarily suit another. We are happy to discuss any potential diet you may be considering and to ensure the new diet suits your pet’s needs. Needs may vary according to life stage, activity level and pre-existing conditions. All new diets should be introduced slowly (over 2 weeks). This is to avoid any digestive upsets as well as increase the likelihood of fussier pets eating it. Plenty of fresh drinking water should always be available. #### The roles of the most essential nutrients are as follows: ##### Carbohydrates Provide energy needed for vital body functions and act as building blocks for other nutrients. ##### Proteins Essential for growth and repair of all tissues and organs. ##### Fats Supply energy, allow absorption of fat soluble vitamins (A,D,E & K) and supply essential fatty acids. ##### Fibre To maintain healthy digestion ##### Vitamins and minerals Maintain a strong immune system, healthy cellular function, nerve function and skeletal structure. Dog and cat nutritional needs vary considerably. You should therefore never feed dog food to your cat, or vice-versa. #### Energy requirements Dogs are omnivores and require larger amounts of carbohydrates compared to cats in order to meet their energy requirements. This is particularly true of very active dogs and pregnant or lactating bitches to ensure healthy foetal growth and milk production. Growing, pregnant and lactating animals also have higher protein requirements, as do animals who have suffered trauma, burns or diseases such as cancers. Animals with kidney disease will require more controlled levels of high-quality protein. This to help prevent further kidney damage or discomfort from toxic breakdown. This may come in the form of a prescription diet. #### Obesity Obesity is a growing problem with dogs and cats of today, with 1 in 3 pets being overweight or obese. Many people over-estimate their pet’s food requirement, or feel that feeding treats is a way of expressing love. As a result, we are seeing an increased number of animals with obesity related diseases. These include: diabetes mellitus, joint problems and heart problems. These diseases can have a negative effect your pet’s quality of life, or sadly even shorten it. Please contact us for advice on how to change feeding habits, accurately weigh food, advice on prescription weight loss diets and exercise plans to effectively assist you in helping your pet to lose weight. We also offer weight clinics which offer support in starting a new feeding and exercise regime. ### Raw diets We recommend that owners carry out a lot of research before putting their dog on a raw diet. These diets require a lot of commitment to successfully ensure a balanced diet for their pet, and do come with some risks. If you are sure that a raw diet is the right choice for your pet, you should seek advice from us or from a veterinary nutritionist. You should feed a variety of meat and include whole animals (including bones- these should never be cooked). Supplements may be required to ensure that the diet is correctly balanced. An unbalanced diet may lead to problems such as: poor growth, weight gain, weakness, bladder stones, skeletal problems and digestive problems among others. You should also be aware of the increased risk of parasites (particularly if feeding wild-caught food such as rabbits) and the increased risk of zoonotic food poisoning illnesses such salmonella or campylobacter. A growing number of companies offer prepared complete raw diets, and also follow strict standards for hygiene. These diets can be a suitable option for people new to raw feeding. Correct food hygiene practice should be always be carried out, and extra care taken when cleaning up after your pet. You should always wash your hands after handling, cuddling or playing with your pet. A raw diet is not recommended to for pets in households where there are people who may be immuno-compromised. Many supporters of raw food diets believe this method of feeding is closer to a dog’s natural diet. However, please bear in mind that farm animals produced for food do not necessarily eat a natural diet themselves. There may therefore be nutritional deficiencies or excesses in the meat itself, which could impact on your pet’s health. #### Contact us for support We recognise that many owners may still wish to feed home prepared or raw food diets to their pets and support owners in making the choices that are right for them. We are always available to provide advice and support on nutrition. Please contact us if this is something you would like to discuss. **Categories:** Diets, Dogs **Tags:** energy, fibre, obesity, proetein, raw diets, vitamins --- ### [Diet information for cats](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/05/cat-diet/) **Published:** February 5, 2025 **Author:** admin **Excerpt:** Providing your cat a balanced diet is vital in maintaining its overall health. What should it include? **Content:** Choosing the right diet for your cat can be daunting for a new owner and any change in diet should be discussed with your vet. The importance of a balanced diet is vital in maintaining overall health. An unbalanced diet may lead to problems such as poor growth, weight gain, weakness, bladder stones, skeletal problems and digestive problems among others. #### What we recommend We recommend that a ‘complete’ diet is fed to your cat. This is to ensure that the correct balance of proteins, carbohydrates, fats, fibre, minerals and vitamins are obtained. Our recommended range includes Hills and Royal Canin. These diets are scientifically formulated to include all of the essential nutrients required to ensure optimal health. These companies also have a range of diets tailored to pet’s specific medical needs, aiding in recovery or control of disease. There are, however, a variety of excellent diets on the market and what may suit one pet won’t necessarily suit another. We are happy to discuss any potential diet you may be considering and to ensure the new diet suits your pet’s needs. Needs may vary according to life stage, activity level and pre-existing conditions. All new diets should be introduced slowly (over 2 weeks). This is to avoid any digestive upsets as well as increase the likelihood of fussier pets eating it. Plenty of fresh drinking water should always be available. #### The roles of the most essential nutrients: ##### Carbohydrates Provide energy needed for vital body functions and act as building blocks for other nutrients. ##### Proteins Essential for growth and repair of all tissues and organs. ##### Fats Supply energy, allow absorption of fat soluble vitamins (A,D,E & K) and supply essential fatty acids. ##### Fibre To maintain healthy digestion ##### Vitamins and minerals Maintain a strong immune system, healthy cellular function, nerve function and skeletal structure. Dog and cat nutritional needs vary considerably. You should therefore never feed dog food to your cat, or vice-versa. ### Energy requirements Cats are obligate carnivores and require certain amino acids (e.g. taurine to maintain healthy eyes, heart and central nervous system), have no carbohydrate requirement and have a higher total protein requirement than dogs – the protein is used to produce energy as well as for tissue growth and repair. Cats should never be fed a vegetarian diet. Growing, pregnant and lactating cats also have higher protein requirements, as do animals who have suffered trauma, burns or diseases such as cancers. Cat with kidney disease will require more controlled levels of high-quality protein. This to help prevent further kidney damage or discomfort from toxic breakdown. This may come in the form of a prescription diet. Many cats are also prone to bladder stones, which can lead to cystitis or a blocked bladder. Hills and Royal Canin both offer prescription diets to help reduce the build-up of crystals in the bladder. We are happy to offer advice on this. ### Obesity Obesity is a growing problem with dogs and cats of today, with 1 in 3 pets being overweight or obese. Many people over-estimate their pet’s food requirement, or feel that feeding treats is a way of expressing love. Whilst it’s encouraging to meet owners who love their pets so much, we are seeing an increased number of animals with obesity related diseases. These include: diabetes mellitus, joint problems and heart problems. These diseases can have a negative effect your pet’s quality of life, or sadly even shorten it. We can advise you on how to change feeding habits and accurately weigh food. You may need to consider prescription weight loss diets and exercise plans to effectively help your pet lose weight. This can be discussed at a weight clinic with us. ### Raw diets We recommend that owners carry out a lot of research before putting their cat or dog on a raw diet. These diets require a lot of commitment to successfully ensure a balanced diet for their pet, and do come with some risks. If you are sure that a raw diet is the right choice for your pet, you should seek advice from us or from a veterinary nutritionist. You should feed a variety of meat and include whole animals (including bones- these should never be cooked). Supplements may be required to ensure that the diet is correctly balanced. An unbalanced diet may lead to problems such as: poor growth, weight gain, weakness, bladder stones, skeletal problems and digestive problems among others. You should also be aware of the increased risk of parasites (particularly if feeding wild caught food such as rabbits) and the increased risk of zoonotic food poisoning illnesses such salmonella or campylobacter. There are a growing number of companies who offer prepared complete raw diets, who also follow strict standards for hygiene. These can be a suitable option for people new to raw feeding. Correct food hygiene practice should be always be carried out, and extra care taken when cleaning up after your pet. You should always wash your hands after handling, cuddling or playing with your pet. A raw diet is not recommended to for pets in households where there are people who may be immuno-compromised. Whilst many supporters of raw food diets believe this method of feeding is closer to a cat’s natural diet, it is worth bearing in mind that farm animals produced for food do not necessarily eat a natural diet themselves, and therefore there may be nutritional deficiencies or excesses in the meat itself which can cause health issues for your pet. ### Contact us for support We recognise that many owners may still wish to feed home prepared or raw food diets to their pets and support owners in making the choices that are right for them. We are always available to provide advice and support on nutrition. Please contact us if this is something you would like to discuss. **Categories:** Cats, Diets **Tags:** obesity, protein, raw diets, vitamins --- ### [Dentistry for rabbits](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2024/12/18/dentistry-in-rabbits/) **Published:** December 18, 2024 **Author:** admin **Excerpt:** In hypselodont species, such as rabbits, teeth grow continuously throughout the life of the animal so they need to be managed carefully. **Content:** Rabbits are hypselodont. This term is used to describe teeth with short roots and very long crowns. Often animals with these teeth experience continual eruption of the teeth throughout their lifetime, with teeth continuing to grow from a single root. Many of the carnivorous mammals have teeth similar to our own: one set of deciduous (milk) teeth is present in infancy, then a single set of teeth is present during adulthood. These teeth are permanent and once they have grown into place, they do not grow any more. Many of the smaller mammals, particularly the hind-gut fermenters such as rabbits, guinea-pigs, degus and chinchillas, have a very different system of dental growth. In these species, the teeth grow continuously throughout the life of the animal. It is essential that the teeth continue to be worn down by the rough fibres in the diet so that the natural wearing (occlusal) surfaces of the teeth continue to align correctly. In the wild, the natural diet of these species ensures that the teeth are always worn, but in captivity or as domestic pets, it can be more challenging to provide the correct diet and environment to best promote dental health. If the teeth are not continually worn down, the jaws can become misaligned, teeth can grow into the soft tissues of the mouth, or indeed through the jaw or into the eye sockets. These conditions cause extreme pain and can be severely detrimental to the health of the animal. **Diet and the importance of dental wear** As mentioned above, species with hypselodont teeth require a rough diet to ensure adequate dental wear. In most cases, the diet should be almost exclusively comprised of grasses (or hay) and fibrous weeds. These animals may roam very large distances to find food, so exercise is also essential! The best way to mimic the natural world in our homes is to provide as large a space as possible for your small pet to roam in, and to hide food in a variety of places to encourage natural foraging behaviours. Gnawing is an essential part of the daily routine of these animals – especially for guinea-pigs and chinchillas whose teeth grow during periods of rest, so practical solutions must be found to provide opportunities in the home. Never allow your pet to gnaw on bars or metal meshwork because this can cause dental fractures that are not apparent. Never allow your pet to ingest wallpaper or furniture, which could be toxic or cause obstruction. Never allow your pet to gnaw on any wires that could result in electric shock. Ideally, gnawing materials should include hay provided *ad libitum*, and natural woods such as branches from fruit trees. Treats may be hidden in wooden tubes to encourage gnawing, or hay may be tied up in knots to provide a rougher material for your pet to chew through. **Dental conditions** There is a wide range of dental disease within the small mammal populace. Broadly speaking, these can be divided into congenital (from birth) and acquired diseases (with the latter forming the majority of problems), and into incisor (the front teeth) and molar (the cheek teeth) problems. A brief overview of some of these problems can be found below. **Incisor abnormalities and treatments** The incisors are the front two teeth at the top and the bottom of the jaws. Rabbits have two sets of upper incisors, with one smaller set (the ‘peg’ teeth) hidden behind the other larger set. Some common incisor conditions include: - Congenital malformations such as a shortening of the upper jaw causing the lower incisors to grow out and up without hinderance – this is common in rabbits! - Gingivitis and periodontitis - Incisor malocclusion (misalignment of the incisors) secondary to a cheek tooth problem – very common in rabbits! - Damage from incorrect burring or trimming – incisors should never be clipped because this can cause fractures or damage the germinal tissues, causing abnormal growth of the tooth. **Cheek tooth abnormalities** - By far and away the most common cheek tooth abnormality encountered in rabbits, guinea-pigs and chinchillas is malocclusion, where the surfaces of the teeth that are supposed to rub together (the occlusal surfaces) are misaligned so the teeth do not wear properly. This is normally found in patients over 3 years old and is frequently from incorrect dental wear as a result of a diet poor in rough fibres or in essential nutrients, but many factors are involved. - Fractures of the cheek teeth (molars) are common in pets that chew on bars through boredom or lack of gnawing opportunities. - Tooth root abscesses may be primary or, more commonly, secondary to another dental condition. **How malocclusion affects the teeth** Most herbivorous species that eat long fibres do not chew their food in the same way that carnivorous mammals do. Instead of using an up-and-down motion of the jaw, these species use a side-to-side action. Therefore, insufficient wearing of the occlusal surfaces of the teeth causes the teeth to become longer on one side as they curve around. This is usually the side next to the tongue for the lower teeth and the side nearest the cheek for the upper teeth, and the elongations are often referred to as ‘spurs’. Affected teeth cannot grow in their normal manner so can become pushed backwards, curved, displaced, or a mixture of all three. When the teeth become elongated, the gap between the upper and lower gum lines is also extended, stretching the muscles of the jaw. When left for long periods of time, these muscles become permanently stretched and weakened. The increased pressure on the occlusal surfaces of the teeth because of the increased pressure exerted by an over-stretched jaw causes the direction of tooth growth to reverse. Therefore, lower cheek teeth will start to erupt through the lower jaw, whilst upper cheek teeth grow into the sinuses, tear ducts and into the eye sockets. The increased pressure on the occlusal surfaces also causes pain and inflammation of the centre of the tooth, the pulp. This in turn causes abscessation of the tooth root and weakens the tooth, making it more susceptible to fractures. **Clinical signs (symptoms) of cheek tooth conditions** Patients with dental conditions may find it painful to chew, so may chew on one side only. Unfortunately, this increases the abnormal growth on the affected side, elongating any fractures until the whole crown fractures. Spurs often develop on the teeth, although these frequently cannot be seen without the aid of anaesthesia – the shape of the jaw and the teeth makes it impossible to look at the back teeth without sedation. Affected patients may have cuts to their tongues or cheeks, although again this is not always obvious. The pain may cause them to grind their teeth or dribble more than usual, and they may have difficulty grooming so may present with a matted area of fur, or for no longer keeping themselves clean. The abnormal tooth growth may also cause obstruction of the tear ducts, causing excessively watery eyes to develop or recurrent eye infections. In severe cases where a tooth root abscess grows into the eye socket, one eye may appear to bulge out from the face. **How to prevent malocclusion** The most common cause of tooth elongation is poor dental wear because of cereal based, high energy mixed foods being fed, particularly to indoor rabbits lacking constant access to highly fibrous gnawing materials. It is interesting to note that outdoor rabbits and guinea-pigs left grazing rarely have malocclusions! However, certain breeds are more likely to be affected than others, and environmental conditions are likely to be involved. Stress reduces the strength of the periodontal ligaments, which hold the teeth in their sockets. The quality of the ligaments and gums is also affected, with injury occurring more readily in stressed individuals. The best way to prevent malocclusion from occurring is to feed your pet a diet high in rough fibre. Gnawing materials should be made available at all times and should be of natural substances. Most rabbits, guinea-pigs and chinchillas do not need pellets or cereal feeds at all – they are designed to live on grass and weeds alone! If commercial diets are to be used, they should form no more than 20% of the diet, and ideally less than this: the usual rule is 25g food per 1kg pet (around 1 eggcup of food for every kilo your pet weighs) per day as an absolute maximum. However, in order to need this much energy supplementation in the UK, your pet would probably have to be outdoors in wintery conditions with little bedding for some time! Rabbits should be given as much space as possible to exercise, and should ideally forage for food – these things will help to reduce stress and increase dental strength. Predators should be kept away for the same reasons. **Diagnosis of dental disease** Dental problems can be difficult to diagnose because the structure of the mouths of these small patients obstructs clear vision, even with an otoscope. They are continual eaters, so the mouth is often full of food! Diagnosis is suspected from the clinical signs and the owner’s description of the problem but cannot be confirmed without x-rays of the teeth and skull, including the sinuses and the eyes. Occasionally an ultrasound scan of an eye may also be required to ascertain whether a bulging eye has a dental origin. **Treatment** - Any fractured teeth should be removed. The tooth opposite that tooth being removed will have nothing to wear against (unless a removed incisor grows back) so should be burred on a regular basis thereafter. - Abscesses should be treated by removing the tooth or teeth involved and exteriorizing the abscess. Facial surgery is frequently required to facilitate this, and an antibiotic course and or flushing solution will be required. - Regular burring of deformed teeth should be performed and removal considered. Teeth and spurs should never be clipped, but only burred with the correct equipment. Clipping can cause fractures of the teeth and can affect the germinal layer, causing affected teeth to spiral or become deformed. - The overall length of the cheek teeth and incisors should be reduced where appropriate, and the normal architecture of the dental arcades restored. - The diet should be corrected. - Stress factors should be removed. **Categories:** Diets, Husbandry, Rabbits, Small mammals --- ### [Poisons and what to do](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/01/09/poisons-and-what-to-do/) **Published:** January 9, 2025 **Author:** admin **Excerpt:** Signs and symptoms of poisoning, common toxins and what to do if you think your pet has been exposed to a poison **Content:** ### What to do if your pet has been poisoned 1. **Check for danger** – especially if you are unsure of the source of poisoning. If out and about, consider the possibility of the presence of a snake or a chemical that is harmful to humans. 2. If you suspect your pet has inhaled something harmful (such as carbon monoxide) or if there is any hazardous substance such as spilled unidentified liquid present, **do not risk your own safety**. Ventilate the area if possible. You may need to call 999 and ask for the fire service if you suspect danger. 3. **Stay calm** and approach your pet quietly, reassuring him or her. If you suspect that your animal has come into contact with a toxic chemical or substance, try to avoid touching your pet without any protection. Wear gloves if you have them to hand, or create a barrier with whatever you have (coats, blankets). 4. **Call your vet immediately**, even if your pet appears to be well. Advise them that you believe your pet has been poisoned and of what the cause might be. Inform them of any symptoms your pet is showing and the approximate time that the pet may have been poisoned. Keep hold of any packaging – this will provide useful information to your vet. 5. **Flush any chemical residue** from your pet’s fur with plenty of tepid water. 6. Try to **stop your pet from licking** its fur – use a buster collar if you have one to hand. 7. **Do not make your pet sick** unless otherwise advised to by your vet. 8. **Do not feed your pet**. 9. **Get to the vet as quickly as possible**. Poisoning cases are time-critical so any damage caused can be greatly reduced or avoided if the pet is seen immediately. ### Animals can be poisoned through different routes including: - Ingestion (eating something toxic) - Absorption through the skin (e.g. walking through spilled chemicals) - Injection (e.g. insect stings, snake bites) - Inhalation (e.g. carbon monoxide poisoning). Birds are particularly vulnerable to gases and aerosols so the use of these around birds should be avoided. ### Symptoms of poisoning include: - Profuse dribbling - Vomiting and/or diarrhoea - Skin ulcerations or ulcerations of the mouth and tongue - Swelling (particularly if bitten by a snake) - Confusion or anxiety - Trembling - Twitching - Flickering of the eyes - Increased breathing rate - Increased heart rate - Seizures - Stumbling/staggering around or appearing off-balance - Increased thirst - Increased urination - Jaundiced appearance of the eyes and gums - Collapse ### Poisonous items include: - **Medications** – including your pet’s own medication if an overdose is suspected or if the medication is given via the wrong route! For example, a topical medication could be eaten by your pet or accidentally administered orally. - **Pesticides**, weed killers and rodenticides (also consider this if your pet is seen eating a rodent or animal which may have been killed by a rodenticide). - **Chemicals** including anti-freeze, disinfectants, and beauty products. - **Food** – Common toxic foods include chocolate, raisins, grapes, onions, garlic, avocado, products containing xylitol, alcohol, products containing caffeine and mouldy food items. Remember that food items that may not be poisonous can lead to other problems such as gastrointestinal upsets or pancreatitis. **This list is not exhaustive** and therefore if you have any concerns about an item your pet may have eaten or come into contact with, use our poisons guide or contact us immediately for advice. [Emergency?](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/6015-2/) [Cat & Dog poison checker](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/poisons-checker-cats-and-dogs/) **Categories:** Birds, Cats, Diets, Dogs, Ferrets, First aid at home, Guinea-pigs, Poisons & toxins, Rabbits, Reptiles & amphibians, Rodents, Small mammals, Stressors and threats, Tortoises, terrapins & turtles **Tags:** absorption, birds, first aid, ingestion, inhalation, injection, poisoning, symptoms, vomiting --- ### [Adenoviruses](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2024/12/17/adenoviruses/) **Published:** December 17, 2024 **Author:** admin **Excerpt:** There are many strains of adenovirus, and the vast majority are adapted for a specific host species so often cause subclinical disease, meaning illness may not be obvious.  **Content:** **About adenoviruses** Adenoviruses are DNA viruses that do not have a viral envelope around them, making them smaller than some other DNA viruses. There are many strains of adenovirus, and the vast majority are adapted for a specific host species so often cause subclinical disease, meaning illness may not be obvious. However, adenoviruses do cause disease in the young, the elderly, and in immunosuppressed individuals by making them more susceptible to concurrent diseases. **Routes of transmission – how adenoviruses are spread** Adenoviruses are usually spread via the faecal-oral route, meaning that ingestion of faeces or matter that has been in contact with infected faeces is required. However, it is also possible for these viruses to be directly passed from an infected adult to its offspring through the egg. These viruses can remain hidden in the body to cause disease at later times. In people, the viruses remain in lymphoid tissues, but the tissue involved in reptile species has not yet been confirmed. **Clinical signs (symptoms)** The majority of adenoviruses affect only the species they are targeted to, so usually cause silent disease. However, the virus does cause clinical disease if infecting a species that is not the usual host, or in the immunosuppressed. In these cases, adenoviruses have a preference for dividing cells because these offer the best chance of viral propagation. These cells are mainly found in the gastrointestinal tract, the lungs, the liver, the kidneys, and the central nervous system. - - **Bearded dragons & Rankin dragons** often present with ill-thrift (not growing as well as they should do), anorexia and weakness. Adenovirus in these species causes a wasting disease (indeed, it is often referred to as Wasting Disease amongst collectors) that causes lethargy and depression. Affected dragons often exhibit distension of the coelomic cavity (similar to the mammalian abdominal cavity) and may have difficulty breathing as a result of this. - **Kingsnakes & serpentines** often regurgitate and exhibit dehydration. They may have abnormal movements or behaviour because of the affects of adenovirus on the central nervous system, and eventually may become unresponsive and pass away. - **Monitors & rosy boas** do not tolerate adenovirus at all, but suffer a peracute disease course, i.e. they very rapidly succumb to infection and pass away before any clinical signs can develop. - **Chameleons** also do not tolerate adenovirus well and suffer a peracute course, but in some cases clinical signs may develop. Affected chameleons suffer inflammation of the airways and oesophagus, and the attack of the virus on the nervous system is so severe that it can cause complete and prolonged spasm of every muscle in the body simultaneously. In patients that develop clinical signs, death occurs within 3 days. **Diagnosis of adenovirus** Diagnosis, as will so many viruses, can be achieved using a laboratory technique to replicate and grow viral DNA on swabs from affected tissues, or sometimes from the blood. In some cases, a liver biopsy may provide the most accurate diagnosis. Unfortunately, diagnosis is usually confirmed at post-mortem examination in some species. **Treatment** There is no specific treatment for adenovirus, so treatment is provided in the form of supportive care, sometimes intensively. Affected individuals should be isolated immediately in a separate airspace from other animals in the collection, and the quarantine period must not be less than 6 months. Strict hygiene must be observed when dealing with affected patients – that should be dealt with after the healthy animals are dealt with – including hand washing, disinfection of the enclosures, and clothing changes. Disinfection must be with an iodophore disinfectant, aldehyde or formalin. Affected patients require nutritional and fluid support, and may also require course of antibiotics to clear any secondary infections (those that take hold because of the immunosuppression caused by adenovirus). Any factors causing stress should be removed. **Categories:** Diseases, Reptiles & amphibians **Tags:** Bearded dragon, Chameleon, Kingsnakes, Monitor, Rankin dragon, rosy boas, serpentines, Snakes, Virus --- ### [Herpes viruses](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2024/12/17/herpes-viruses/) **Published:** December 17, 2024 **Author:** admin **Excerpt:** Herpes viruses belong to an enormous family of DNA viruses – there are over 100 different strains and they affect most species. **Content:** ### **About herpes viruses** Herpes viruses belong to an enormous family of DNA viruses – there are over 100 different strains and they affect most species (although it is rare for them to pass between one species and another). These viruses once contracted are life-long, and result in latent disease, meaning the virus hides in the body and manages to escape from the immune system. It does this by hiding in nerve cells – if anyone reading this is unfortunate enough to have experienced shingles, you will know how the patterns follow the nerve endings. Virus is shed at times of stress when a recrudescence of clinical signs can be seen. If the virus is passed to a species that is non-host adapted, the resulting clinical infection can be severe. **Route of transmission – how the viruses are spread** Herpes viruses are very varied, but in all cases, transmission is horizontal, i.e. the virus does not pass to the young during pregnancy. Direct contact is required, usually involving saliva, faeces, discharges from the eyes and nose, and respiratory secretions from coughs and sneezes. Tiny droplets of mucus can carry millions of viral cells and are easily dispersed with even the lightest of breezes, so particular care should be paid to ventilation in these cases. Patients infected with herpes viruses will develop a small degree of immunity after the first infection, but viruses mutate frequently and the virus remaining in the nerve cells can and will remain infectious when released because of physiological or psychological stress. **Clinical signs (symptoms)** With so many different types of virus around, it is unsurprising that the clinical signs can vary and depend on the host species (i.e. the species affected), the particular strain of virus, and the virus location. In general, herpes viruses have a preference for the nerves, lymphatic tissue (e.g. the glands in our necks), and epithelial cells (these line the gastrointestinal tract, the eyes, the skin and the respiratory tract). These viruses fully occupy the patient’s immune system, so secondary infections with bacteria or other viruses are common. These secondary infections are usually the cause of any clinical signs appearing, so again the type of clinical signs seen depends on the type of secondary infection. - **Tortoises** usually display necrotising lesions, those where the tissues are dying. Clinical signs may therefore include ulceration of the upper respiratory tract, causing mucoid to purulent discharges from the eyes and nose. Affected tortoises may have difficulty breathing, with rhinitis, conjunctivitis, inflammation of the tongue, abscesses in the back of the throat, or pneumonia may develop. Ulceration of the gastrointestinal tract may cause stomatitis (mouth rot) or regurgitation. These patients are invariably lethargic and anorexic, and may also have uncoordinated movements because of the effects on the virus on their nerves. - **Terrapins**, although physiologically sharing many characteristics with tortoises, are often affected more severely. These patients are invariably lethargic and anorexic, but also develop generalized weakness resulting in very little activity or swimming. They may develop oedema (swelling of the tissues because of fluid infiltration) under the skin, or may develop bleeding disorders causing a speckled red appearance as if they have been dabbed with a paint brush. - **Indian cobras, banded krates, and Mojave rattlesnakes** tend to develop swollen venom glands, producing very thick venom. - **Iguanas** are, as with many of their conditions, usually anorexic and lethargic when infected with herpes viruses. They may turn a brilliant green colour, and are prone to spontaeous haemorrhages (bleeding) Unfortunately, there are a number of clinical conditions that may develop after any species has been infected with herpes virus, again depending on the type of virus, the species affected, the severity of the infection, and the concurrent secondary infections. The possible consequences of an untreated infection with herpes viruses include the development of cancers, profuse bleeding (usually internally), death of the affected tissues (which can be fatal if the gastrointestinal tract ruptures), or death of the patient itself. **Diagnosis** The diagnosis of herpes viruses is complicated by the need to sample the virus whilst it is actively being shed, which may not be when the clinical signs are at their worst – usually shedding has much reduced by this time. Repeated blood tests to check the changes in levels of antibody are best for chronic infections, but acute or chronic infections may also be diagnosed with swabs from affected tissues using PCR or reverse PCR technology (where the viral DNA is reproduced and expanded from the tissues submitted). **Treatment of herpes viruses** Viral replication within the body is not regulated like normal replication, allowing viruses to continually mutate into something slightly different. It is therefore extremely difficult to develop targeted treatments, and the mainstay of treatment of affected patients remains in supportive care. This may include fluid and nutritional support, often with the aid of a feeding tube that is placed surgically, antibiotic courses to control the secondary infections, and surgical removal of abscesses and dead tissues as required (particularly those in the mouth). There is a single medication that can act on herpes viruses called acyclovir. Its efficacy during clinical infection is good, but it must be administered relatively early in an infection course and for a long enough time. Even with the use of this drug, some of the virus will hide within the body to recrudesce at a later point in time. However, with effective supportive care – which may sometimes be intensive – some patients make excellent recoveries and continue with normal lives in between viral outbreaks. **Categories:** Diseases, Reptiles & amphibians, Tortoises, terrapins & turtles **Tags:** acyclovir, anorexia, bleeding, discharge, DNA virus, Herpes, lethargy, mucus, nerves, oedema, prognosis, regurgitation, secretions, swelling, Terrapins, tortoises, Turtles, ulceration, venom glands --- ### [Hypothyroidism in dogs](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2024/12/18/hypothyroidism-in-dogs/) **Published:** December 18, 2024 **Author:** admin **Excerpt:** Hypothyroidism is the most common endocrine (hormone related) condition in dogs, and is known as the ‘great pretender’ because is can present as almost anything! **Content:** **About hypothyroidism** Hypothyroidism is a condition where the body does not produce enough thyroid hormone. This is the most common endocrine (hormone related) condition in dogs, and is known as the ‘great pretender’ because the effects are so far reaching that the condition can present as almost anything! It is extremely rare in cats, although does occur from time to time. Most cases are caused by inflammation or shrinking of the thyroid glands, although some may be cancerous. **Thyroid production** The thyroid glands are found in the neck, either side of the trachea (the windpipe) and surrounded by the parathyroid glands that sit above and below each thyroid gland. These glands are responsible for taking iodine out of the diet and combining it with a thyroglobulin, a protein, to make thyroid hormones. The production of thyroid hormones – triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) – is under the control of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), which is produced by the pituitary gland. It is thyroxine (T4) that is the primary concern in cases of hyper- or hypothyroidism. Most thyroxine produced is bound to proteins to prevent it from binding to receptors on various cells – only around 1% is free T4 in the bloodstream, but this is the active form and that which is responsible for the changes T4 elicits. Thyroid hormones are responsible for setting the basal metabolic rate, i.e. how much energy we need to continue life without any additional energy expenditure. T4 is involved with body temperature control, appetite, weight control, digestive function, breathing regulation and activity levels to name but a few processes. **Clinical signs (symptoms)** As stated previously, dogs with hypothyroidism can present with many different clinical signs. A common presentation may be an overweight patient that eats little for their size and has tried various diets and exercise programmes but cannot lose weight. Hypothyroid patients may have dry, flaky or thickened skin, may develop skin areas that change colour over time, and may also exhibit alopecia (hair loss) – usually over the flanks – in a symmetrical pattern. The hair coat often appears dull in these dogs. These patients are frequently not keen to exercise, are lethargic and spend a lot of time sleeping or laying down, and do not tolerate cold weather very well. Infections of the ears and skin are common so dogs may present with recurrent otitis externa or recurrent skin lesions. Thyroid hormone is involved with normal nerve function, so in some dogs the facial muscles droop and cause a ‘tragic’ expression. In a few cases, the nerves of the gullet (oesophagus) are damaged causing a condition called megaoesophagus, which causes the patient to have difficulty swallowing and increases the risk of developing pneumonia. Some patients may develop weakness of the limbs because the peripheral nerves have been affected, reducing their tolerance of exercise and sometimes causing difficulty walking. **Diagnosis** Unfortunately, hypothyroidism is often diagnosed on an exclusion basis. Thyroid hormones are very sensitive to other processes occurring within the body, so all other disease processes need to be assessed prior to making a diagnosis. Comprehensive blood and urine tests are required, with any relevant changes noted in the results being addressed and the blood tests repeated. If there is a suspicion of hypothyroidism, a combined blood test to check the levels of TSH, total T4 and free T4 is required to confirm the suspicion. However, these hormones can all be affected by other physiological changes so cannot be evaluated purely as numbers, but must be assessed in reference to the individual. **Treatment** Hypothyroidism is treated with tablets to replace the thyroid hormone that should be present within the bloodstream. These are given every day and the dose must be titrated to the individual’s needs, so repeated blood tests are required. Treatment is life-long and can restore normal function and activity to these patients. **How will my dog’s hypothyroidism affect me?** The main changes associated with treatment of hypothyroidism are increases in energy levels, appetite and skin health. You may therefore find that your pet needs a lot more exercise or eats more! However, their overall health will improve, reducing the cost of veterinary skin and ear treatments so that those funds can be redirected towards food and medications. However, finance should be set aside for the on-going blood tests that are required for the remainder of the patient’s life, which can be very close to normal life spans for each species. The only major difficulty with hypothyroidism remains in its diagnosis – unless the dog is reluctant to take medications! **Categories:** Diseases, Dogs **Tags:** alopecia, coat, cold, hair, hormone, hypothyroidism, lethargy, skin, thryoid, weakness --- ## Pages ### [Home](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/) **Published:** August 26, 2024 **Author:** admin **Content:** # Exotic, avian and small animal vet ## ### Edenbridge, Kent + Mobile Vet Service ![Skylark Vets Exotic and domestic pet vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Wide-animal-banner-1600-x-400-px.png "Wide animal banner (1600 x 400 px) - Skylark Vets") Skylark Vets is an independent, first-opinion exotic, avian and small animal vet located in Edenbridge, Kent. We look after all sorts of small animals, with exotics making up more than half of our patients. We take a personal, friendly and holistic approach to pet care. In addition to providing all the necessary treatments, we also offer guidance on all aspects of animal husbandry so your pets can be healthy and happy at all times, and you can have peace of mind that they have everything they need. Alongside our clinic, quietly located in the midst of farmland, we offer a fully equipped mobile vet service, bringing our services directly to your home for convenience and comfort. At your home or in-clinic, our aim is to reduce the stress associated with vet appointments – for both you and your animals. Call us [01732 863229](tel:01732863229) Email us ### # We take the stress out of veterinary visits #### #### At your home or in-clinic, our aim is to make your experience as relaxed as possible. ### Avian, reptile, exotic and small animal vet services - ![Skylark Vets Avian Vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/parrot-e1739376665862.jpg "Macaw in aviary - Skylark Vets") [Birds](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/avian-vet/) [](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/avian-vet/) ##### [Birds](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/avian-vet/) - ![Skylark Vets Dog and cat](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Dog-and-cat.jpg "Dog and cat - Skylark Vets") [Cats & dogs](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/cats-and-dogs/) [](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/cats-and-dogs/) ##### [Cats & dogs](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/cats-and-dogs/) - ![Skylark Vets Guinea-pig vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/StockCake-Guinea-Pigs-Feasting_1735756579.jpg "Guinea Pigs - Skylark Vets") [Guinea-pigs & rabbits](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/guinea-pig-vet-and-rabbit-vet/) [](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/guinea-pig-vet-and-rabbit-vet/) ##### [Guinea-pigs & rabbits](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/guinea-pig-vet-and-rabbit-vet/) - ![Skylark Vets Reptile Vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/iguana-4662830_1280.jpg "Iguana - Skylark Vets") [Reptiles & amphibians](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/reptile-vet/) [](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/reptile-vet/) ##### [Reptiles & amphibians](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/reptile-vet/) - ![Skylark Vets Small mammal vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/hamster-727293_1280-e1736528754949.jpg "hamster - Skylark Vets") [Small mammals](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/small-mammal-vet/) [](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/small-mammal-vet/) ##### [Small mammals](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/small-mammal-vet/) - ![Skylark Vets Reptile Vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/StockCake-Tortoise-Eating-Greens_1735748407.jpg "Tortoise eating greens - Skylark Vets") [Tortoises, terrapins & turtles](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/chelonia-tortoises-and-turtles/) [](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/chelonia-tortoises-and-turtles/) ##### [Tortoises, terrapins & turtles](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/chelonia-tortoises-and-turtles/) ## Mobile vet services at your home Typically, we operate within a 15-mile radius of Edenbridge covering Sevenoaks, (parts of) Tonbridge, Orpington, Oxted and Lingfield. We visit many of the smaller surrounding villages including Knockholt, Cudham, Chevening, Chipstead, Pratts Bottom, Badgers Mount, Halstead, Chelsfield, Otford, Downe, Ide Hill, Penshurst, Sundridge, Dormansland, Hever, Cowden, Four Elms and Leigh. ### #### Home visits Our fully-equipped custom built pet ambulance allows us to provide all standard vet services, including home euthanasia, to you at your home. #### Mobile vet service area [Find out more about our mobile vet service](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/mobile-vet/) # Independent We are one of the few remaining truly independent veterinary practices in the area. As we are not run by anyone else we are free to use our own clinical judgement and treat your pet as an individual. # Exotic, avian and small animal friendly Over half of our patients are exotic pets and we welcome all types of birds, reptiles and exotics and small mammals at our practice. It goes without saying that we love our furry friends too! # Mobile or in-clinic With our fully-equipped mobile clinic in addition to our surgery, we can perform practically any treatment or surgery as a home visit if that suits you or your pets best. # Holistic We take an holistic approach to care, checking beyond the most evident symptoms to build the whole picture for correct diagnosis. We can also offer our clients a number of treatment options in many cases. ## Reviews > “Vets that really care. A rarity these days in my experience.” **C Whitelock**, [VetHelpDirect review](https://vethelpdirect.com/skylark-vets-ltd-in-sevenoaks-2639#review-120) > “Friendly, quick diagnosis, sympathetically and efficiently dealt with. A warm and caring atmosphere at the surgery. Thank you!” ![Dog vet](data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%27450%27%20height%3D%27600%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%20450%20600%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%27450%27%20height%3D%27600%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E)**Andrea Brocklehurst**, [VetHelpDirect review](https://vethelpdirect.com/skylark-vets-ltd-in-sevenoaks-2639#review-120) > “The best, most compassionate vet I’ve ever met in all my 63 years of owning animals.” **Deborah Fisher**, [VetHelpDirect review](https://vethelpdirect.com/skylark-vets-ltd-in-sevenoaks-2639#review-120) ![Skylark Vets Exotic and domestic pet vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Wide-animal-banner-1600-x-400-px.png "Wide animal banner (1600 x 400 px) - Skylark Vets") --- ### [Insurance](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/insurance/) **Published:** July 31, 2026 **Author:** admin **Content:** ### # Pet insurance We have partnered with Pet Proactive pet insurance to directly benefit our patients and their owners.\* [Get a quote](https://petproactive.pet/skylarkwebsite) ###### \*Please note this insurance is only available for dogs and cats only at present ![Skylark Vets Cartoon gray dog leaping toward a yellow ball beside a blue arc and a bold 'GET PROACTIVE' sign.](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/pet-proactive.png "pet-proactive - Skylark Vets") We see pet insurance as a means for pet owners to budget for the unexpected, and if the worst happens, it enables us to carry out the most effective treatment. However, pet insurance can be frustrating with many terms & conditions or exclusions, meaning claims are often not paid in full which can leave you with an unexpected bill. On top of this, our customers express concern when their insurance premiums increase excessively as their pet gets older, at the time when they are most likely to need insurance. We have worked closely with Pet Proactive to create a new type of insurance that provides lifetime cover for treatment and referrals through our practice. The policies are designed for customers who are happy to commit to using Skylark Vets as their main veterinary practice. We believe this is a much simpler type of insurance which not only removes the worry of unexpected veterinary bills but could also save money for the majority of our customers over their pet’s lifetime. ![Skylark Vets Smiling woman in a purple shirt hugging a large brown dog on a sunny front porch with plants nearby.](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/Charlotte-and-dog-scaled-e1785435828935.jpg "Charlotte and dog - Skylark Vets") Pet Proactive offer lifetime cover from £4,000 to £12,000 per year, and whichever policy you choose comes with the following valuable features: ## Complete cover Complete medical cover including dental illness\* ## Treatments Any treatment or referral we prescribe is covered up to your policy limit. You are also covered for referrals and treatment at another practice if you are on holiday. ## Clear and simple A clear and simple policy which confirms any pre-existing conditions exclusions at the start. ## Fair premiums Premiums are based on the fair pricing at Skylark Vets and Pet Proactive will never increase your premium just because you have made a claim. ## One excess Unlike most policies where you may need to pay an excess per condition per year, with a Pet Proactive policy you only pay one excess per year of £100 irrespective of how many conditions you are claiming for, up to your annual claim limit. ## Direct claims Skylark Vets will automatically process a direct claim for pets insured with Pet Proactive, so you don’t need to worry about paying the balance to us if you’re insured with Pet Proactive. \*as long as your pet does not already have pre-existing dental problems Pet Proactive can quickly provide prices for your cat and dog family under 6 years old – you just enter the mobile number you have registered with us on their website and your prices are displayed. If you already have pet insurance, Pet Proactive’s free “switch check service” will confirm any pre-existing health conditions that would affect your policy before you buy, so you can have complete certainty of cover for you and your pet. To take out a policy with Pet Proactive you must be registered with and commit to your primary care with Skylark Vets and your pet must be less than 6 years old (when taking out the policy – cover is then provided for life as long as you renew annually). Please note that Skylark Vets’ partnership with Pet Proactive is purely a professional one which facilitates the easy exchange of information. Skylark Vets has no incentive for financial gain through this relationship. [Get a quote](https://petproactive.pet/skylarkwebsite) ![Skylark Vets Cartoon gray dog leaping toward a yellow ball beside a blue arc and a bold 'GET PROACTIVE' sign.](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/pet-proactive.png "pet-proactive - Skylark Vets") ### # We take the stress out of veterinary visits #### #### At your home or in-clinic, our aim is to make your experience as relaxed as possible. --- ### [Complaints](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/complaints/) **Published:** April 28, 2026 **Author:** admin **Content:** # Complaints Policy At Skylark Vets Limited, we are committed to providing exceptional care for your pets and excellent service to our clients. We understand, however, that there may be occasions when you feel we have not met your expectations. We take all feedback seriously and view it as an opportunity to improve our services for the future. #### Step 1: Informal Resolution If you are dissatisfied with any aspect of our service, we would welcome the opportunity to discuss this with you. Most problems can be resolved quickly through an informal conversation. - In Person or by phone: Please speak to a member of our team or ask to speak with the Practice Manager. We are confident that a direct discussion is often the best way to find a resolution. #### Step 2: Formal Written Complaint If your concerns remain unresolved after an informal discussion, we ask that you submit your complaint in writing so we can conduct a thorough internal investigation. - Email: contact@skylarkvets.co.uk - Timeline: We will acknowledge your email and provide a full response within 10 working days. #### Step 3: Independent Mediation If a resolution cannot be reached through our internal process, the next step is to involve the Veterinary Client Mediation Service (VCMS). The VCMS is an independent, free, and voluntary service that uses mediation to help resolve disputes between veterinary practices and their clients. - Phone: 0345 040 5834 - Email: enquiries@vetmediation.co.uk - Website: www.vetmediation.co.uk #### Step 4: Regulatory Review Finally, if the mediation process does not reach a satisfactory conclusion, you may refer your complaint to the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons (RCVS). Please note that the RCVS specifically deals with serious breaches of professional conduct. - Phone: 020 7202 0789 - Online Form: rcvs.org.uk/submit-your-enquiry ![Skylark Vets Exotic and domestic pet vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Wide-animal-banner-1600-x-400-px.png "Wide animal banner (1600 x 400 px) - Skylark Vets") --- ### [About us](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/about-us/) **Published:** November 18, 2024 **Author:** admin **Content:** # About Skylark Vets We are a fully independent exotics vet and small animal vet based in Edenbridge. We provide first-opinion vet care to reptiles, birds and small mammals as well as companion pets, and we offer a full mobile vet service in addition to our clinic. We are proud to be small and independent, providing bespoke, holistic care with continuity of service to you and your pets. Our aim is to take the stress out of vet visits. - Longer appointment times - Truly independent – we exercise our own judgement - On-premise exotic expertise – we love to see dragons, parrots and tenrecs along with evertything else! - Small and personal – you always know who you’ll see - Complete mobile service – we can bring our services to your door - Holistic approach – husbandry, diet and enrichment affect your pet’s health so we advise on it all ![Vet Charlotte with patient](data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%27800%27%20height%3D%271208%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%20800%201208%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%27800%27%20height%3D%271208%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E) ## Our team ### Passionate about animals - ![Skylark Vets Reptile Vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Charlotte-and-friend-e1737485104484.jpg "Charlotte and friend - Skylark Vets") [Charlotte Hussey](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/charlotte-hussey/)#### [ Charlotte Hussey ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/charlotte-hussey/) [](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/charlotte-hussey/) #### [Charlotte Hussey](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/charlotte-hussey/) Vet & Director - ![Skylark Vets Small Mammal Vet](data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%271500%27%20height%3D%271500%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%201500%201500%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%271500%27%20height%3D%271500%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E "Pumpkin and Grace - Skylark Vets") [Grace Wainwright](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/grace-wainwright/)#### [ Grace Wainwright ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/grace-wainwright/) [](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/grace-wainwright/) #### [Grace Wainwright](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/grace-wainwright/) Vet Nurse - ![Skylark Vets Bird Vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Lily-e1734549149591.jpeg "Lily - Skylark Vets") [Lily Evans](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/lily-evans/)#### [ Lily Evans ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/lily-evans/) [](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/lily-evans/) #### [Lily Evans](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/lily-evans/) Vet Nurse - ![Skylark Vets](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Coco-and-Dawn.jpeg "Coco and Dawn - Skylark Vets") [Dawn Vanner](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/dawn-vanner/)#### [ Dawn Vanner ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/dawn-vanner/) [](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/dawn-vanner/) #### [Dawn Vanner](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/dawn-vanner/) Receptionist & Administrator - ![Skylark Vets](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Ava.jpeg "Ava - Skylark Vets") [Ava Loughran](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/ava-loughran/)#### [ Ava Loughran ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/ava-loughran/) [](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/ava-loughran/) #### [Ava Loughran](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/ava-loughran/) Receptionist - ![Skylark Vets](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Receptionist.jpeg "Receptionist - Skylark Vets") [Gracie Vennard](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/gracie-vennard/)#### [ Gracie Vennard ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/gracie-vennard/) [](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/gracie-vennard/) #### [Gracie Vennard](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/gracie-vennard/) Receptionist - ![Skylark Vets](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Emily.jpg "Emily - Skylark Vets") [Emily Tuite](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/emily-tuite/)#### [ Emily Tuite ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/emily-tuite/) [](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/emily-tuite/) #### [Emily Tuite](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/emily-tuite/) Marketing ![Skylark Vets Exotic and domestic pet vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Wide-animal-banner-1600-x-400-px.png "Wide animal banner (1600 x 400 px) - Skylark Vets") ### Species we treat - ![Skylark Vets Guinea-pig vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/StockCake-Guinea-Pigs-Feasting_1735756579.jpg "Guinea Pigs - Skylark Vets") [Guinea-pigs & rabbits](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/guinea-pig-vet-and-rabbit-vet/) [](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/guinea-pig-vet-and-rabbit-vet/) ##### [Guinea-pigs & rabbits](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/guinea-pig-vet-and-rabbit-vet/) - ![Skylark Vets Reptile Vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/StockCake-Tortoise-Eating-Greens_1735748407.jpg "Tortoise eating greens - Skylark Vets") [Tortoises, terrapins & turtles](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/chelonia-tortoises-and-turtles/) [](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/chelonia-tortoises-and-turtles/) ##### [Tortoises, terrapins & turtles](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/chelonia-tortoises-and-turtles/) - ![Skylark Vets Dog and cat](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Dog-and-cat.jpg "Dog and cat - Skylark Vets") [Cats & dogs](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/cats-and-dogs/) [](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/cats-and-dogs/) ##### [Cats & dogs](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/cats-and-dogs/) - ![Skylark Vets Small mammal vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/hamster-727293_1280-e1736528754949.jpg "hamster - Skylark Vets") [Small mammals](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/small-mammal-vet/) [](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/small-mammal-vet/) ##### [Small mammals](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/small-mammal-vet/) - ![Skylark Vets Avian Vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/parrot-e1739376665862.jpg "Macaw in aviary - Skylark Vets") [Birds](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/avian-vet/) [](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/avian-vet/) ##### [Birds](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/avian-vet/) - ![Skylark Vets Reptile Vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/iguana-4662830_1280.jpg "Iguana - Skylark Vets") [Reptiles & amphibians](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/reptile-vet/) [](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/reptile-vet/) ##### [Reptiles & amphibians](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/reptile-vet/) ![Skylark Vets Exotic vet and nurse](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Vet-and-nurse.jpg "Vet and nurse - Skylark Vets")##### Vet and nurse Experienced vet and nurse team ![Skylark Vets Independent vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Independent.jpg "Independent - Skylark Vets")##### Independent Independent - free to exercise our best judgement ![Skylark Vets Holistic vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Holistic.jpg "Holistic - Skylark Vets")##### Holistic Holistic - we look at the full picture and consider the best approach ![Skylark Vets Mobile vet and Endenbridge clinic](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Flexible.jpg "Flexible - Skylark Vets")##### Flexible Routine services all available in-clinic or at home ### Environmentally conscious We are keen to be as environmentally friendly as possible here at Skylark Vets – sometimes challenging in a medical setting! We recycle anything we can. Our taps are designed with water saving in mind and we don’t use paper products for cleaning. We also strive to use electronic systems over paper in our office where regulations allow and it makes sense to do so. Our clinic is surrounded by farmland, but we also foster a range of insect and bird-friendly plants on our premises. This year, Skylark Vets won its Bronze Accreditation with the iiE (Investors in the Environment). Through iiE accreditation, we will be better able to understand our own environmental impact, take meaningful action to reduce our carbon footprint and measure progress towards practice sustainability through an externally verified and credible scheme. We are now working towards the next stage, Silver, with: - Setting & achieving targets to reduce resource use - Establishing a travel plan - Minimising waste - Improving our environmental management system - Reducing the carbon impact of our operations - Engaging all our people in sustainability improvement ![Skylark Vets Investors in the Environment Bronze Award](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/iiE-Bronze-2024-320x320.png "iiE Bronze 2024 - Skylark Vets") ![Skylark Vets Investors in the Environment Working Towards Silver](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/WT_Silver-320x320.png "WT_Silver - Skylark Vets") ![Skylark Vets British Bee Veterinary Association badge](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/BBVA.jpg "BBVA badge - Skylark Vets") ![Skylark Vets iiE Awards 2024](data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%27200%27%20height%3D%27100%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%20200%20100%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%27200%27%20height%3D%27100%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E "Best Newcomer Runner Up 2024 iiE - Skylark Vets") ### Well connected We belong to a number of associations which allow us to share information, learn and benefit from communities of professionals in the fields we practise. [![Skylark Vets Member of Association of Avian Veterinarians](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Association-of-Avian-Vets.png "Association of Avian Vets - Skylark Vets")](https://www.aav.org/) [![Skylark Vets Association of Exotic Mammal Veterinarians](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Association-of-exotic-mammal-veterinarians.png "Association of exotic mammal veterinarians - Skylark Vets")](https://aemv.org/) [![Skylark Vets Badge of the British Small Animal Veterinary Association](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Brisih-Small-Animal-Veterinary-Association.jpg "Brisih Small Animal Veterinary Association - Skylark Vets")](https://www.bsava.com/) [![Skylark Vets Reptile and Amphibian Vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Association-of-Reptile-and-Amphibian-Veterinarians.png "Association of Reptile and Amphibian Veterinarians - Skylark Vets")](https://arav.org/) [![Skylark Vets Badge of the Brisih Veterinary Zoological Society](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Brisih-Veterinary-Zoological-Society.jpg "Brisih Veterinary Zoological Society - Skylark Vets")](https://bvzs.co.uk/) [![Skylark Vets Badge of British Veterinary Association](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/British-Veterinary-Association.jpg "British Veterinary Association - Skylark Vets")](https://www.bva.co.uk/) [![Skylark Vets Invertebrates](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Veterinary-Invertebrate-Society.jpg "Veterinary Invertebrate Society - Skylark Vets")](https://veterinaryinvertebratesociety.wordpress.com/) ### Committed to holistic care We believe that good husbandry and understanding your pets’ needs, as well as treating their illnesses, are key to your and your pets’ happiness and fulfilment, and are happy to advise on everything from housing and diet, toxins and dangers, to enrichment and exercise. We take an holistic approach, looking at the whole picture rather than just one particular area of concern that may be highlighted by a worried owner. This means that during a routine appointment, or even when you are visiting with a particular concern, we may observe other niggles or complaints which can in turn inform diagnosis. We frequently advocate using approved nutraceutical or herbal products for a range of conditions, as well as vitamin and mineral supplements where indicated, and pre- and pro-biotics. From time to time we also recommend referrals for acupuncture, physiotheraphy and hydroptherapy for pets in recovery. We find a multi-modal approach is often the most effective way to a swift recovery. We are also very happy to work alongside our trusted herbal vet colleagues and offer referrals for those wishing to avoid synthetic medications completely. ![Skylark Vets Award](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Innovation-and-Excellence-2025.png "Innovation and Excellence 2025 - Skylark Vets") ![Skylark Vets Skylark Vets Most Dedicated Veterinary Surgeon Award 2024](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/May24408_Skylark-Vets-Limited_AI-Influential-Businesswoman-Awards-2024-Winners-Badge.png "AI Influential Businesswoman Awards 2024 - Skylark Vets") ![Skylark Vets Member, Independent Veterinary Practices UK](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/MEMBER.png "Independent - Skylark Vets") ![Skylark Vets Winner Best Traditional & Exotic Veterinary Clinic 2024](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/May24052_Skylark-Vets-Limited_LUXlife-Pet-Products-Services-Awards-2024-Winners-Badge.png "Luxlife winner - Skylark Vets") ![Skylark Vets Exotic and domestic pet vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Wide-animal-banner-1600-x-400-px.png "Wide animal banner (1600 x 400 px) - Skylark Vets") Helping you look after your pets at home - [ ![Skylark Vets Poultry Vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Hens-scaled.jpg "Hens free-ranging - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2024/12/18/candidiasis/ "Candidiasis") ### [Candidiasis](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2024/12/18/candidiasis/) C. albicans can be a primary gastrointestinal pathogen, especially in finches, but it is more frequently secondary to another problem. [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2024/12/18/candidiasis/) - [ ![Skylark Vets Exotics Vet - terrapin](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/terrapin-1062097_1280.jpg "terrapin - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/01/28/essentials-of-keeping-terrapins-and-turtles/ "Essentials of keeping terrapins & turtles") ### [Essentials of keeping terrapins & turtles](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/01/28/essentials-of-keeping-terrapins-and-turtles/) All the basic information you need to have happy and healthy terrapins and turtles [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/01/28/essentials-of-keeping-terrapins-and-turtles/) - [ ![Skylark Vets Osteoarthritis in pets](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Old-dog.jpg "Old dog - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/03/03/osteoarthritis-in-pets/ "Osteoarthritis in pets") ### [Osteoarthritis in pets](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/03/03/osteoarthritis-in-pets/) Many pets are prone to osteoarthritis later on in life and it can often just be put down to 'old age' but there are lots of treatment options for it, so there is no need for your pet to struggle unnecessarily. [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/03/03/osteoarthritis-in-pets/) - [ ![Skylark Vets Dog with muddy nose](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Dog-muddy-nose.jpeg "Dog muddy nose - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2024/12/18/hypothyroidism-in-dogs/ "Hypothyroidism in dogs") ### [Hypothyroidism in dogs](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2024/12/18/hypothyroidism-in-dogs/) Hypothyroidism is the most common endocrine (hormone related) condition in dogs, and is known as the ‘great pretender’ because is can present as almost anything! [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2024/12/18/hypothyroidism-in-dogs/) [Visit our Patient Library](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/expert-advice/) ### # We take the stress out of veterinary visits #### #### At your home or in-clinic, our aim is to make your experience as relaxed as possible. --- ### [Mobile vet appointments](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/mobile-vet-appointments/) **Published:** January 17, 2025 **Author:** admin **Content:** # Mobile vet appointments ## Areas we visit Typically, we operate within a 15-mile radius of Edenbridge covering Sevenoaks, (parts of) Tonbridge, Orpington, Oxted and Lingfield. We visit many of the smaller surrounding villages including Knockholt, Cudham, Chevening, Chipstead, Pratt’s Bottom, Badgers Mount, Halstead, Chelsfield, Otford, Downe, Ide Hill, Penshurst, Sundridge, Dormansland, Hever, Cowden, Four Elms and Leigh. ## #### About booking Because we schedule our routes and timetables according to patient locations and needs, to book a home visit with the mobile vet we will need to liaise with you directly. Please complete the form below and we will contact you. \*Please note, we can only legally treat patients on private property and need adequate space to park. Please enquire for more details. ## Mobile vet appointment enquiry --- ### [Contact us](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/contact-us/) **Published:** November 18, 2024 **Author:** admin **Content:** ## Send us an enquiry [](http://www.facebook.com/skylarkvets "Facebook")[](http://www.instagram.com/skylarkvets "Instagram")[](https://www.youtube.com/@skylarkvets6186 "YouTube")[](https://wa.me/447443929395 "WhatsApp")[](mailto:contact@skylarkvets.co.uk "Email") - [01732 863 229](tel:+441732863229) - [07443 929 395](tel:+447443929395) - - Skinners Lane, Edenbridge TN8 6LW Skinners Lane is located in the centre of the layby on Four Elms Road. To find us, turn into the layby and follow the lane all the way down, until you see our clinic on the left hand side. --- ### [Emergencies](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/6015-2/) **Published:** January 4, 2025 **Author:** admin **Content:** # Is it an emergency? #### It’s an emergency if your pet is: - struggling to breathe and turning blue - choking - bleeding heavily - having a seizure - collapsed, unconscious or unresponsive - experiencing severe trauma e.g. from a road traffic accident or falling from a height - unable to pass urine despite constant attempts and is in severe pain or collapsed - experiencing similar conditions that pose an immediate threat to life #### Not sure? - [Symptom checker](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/symptom-checker/) - Ask Vidivet\* \*Vidivet requires pre-registration through Skylark Vets. Read more [here](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/vidivet/). # ### Call us - Please do NOT use social media to contact us in an emergency. - #### [01732 863 229](tel:+441732863229) - #### [07443 929 395](tel:+447443929395) # ### Out of hours? At times when we are closed or cannot get to the phone and you have a genuine emergency, please contact our out-of-hours partner, Pennard Vets, Sevenoaks - #### Pennard Vets, Sevenoaks - #### [01732 452 344]() --- ### [New client registration](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/new-client-registration/) **Published:** January 31, 2025 **Author:** admin **Content:** ## New client registration If you need to book an appointment right now, please go to [bookings](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/appointments/). We can take further details from you when you visit. If you’d like to join us now so that you can by-pass the admin later, please do so below! If you’d like to go straight to booking an appointment [Bookings](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/appointments/) --- ### [VidiVet sign up](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/vidivet-sign-up/) **Published:** March 7, 2025 **Author:** admin **Content:** ![Skylark Vets Exotic and domestic pet vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Wide-animal-banner-1600-x-400-px.png "Wide animal banner (1600 x 400 px) - Skylark Vets") --- ### [Clinic Appointments](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/appointments/) **Published:** January 4, 2025 **Author:** admin **Content:** ## Edenbridge vet clinic appointments & repeat prescriptions This form can be used to book vet and nurse appointments at the clinic in Edenbridge, and to order repeat prescriptions. Select ‘Repeat Prescription Request’ as the appointment type if you need a prescription. If you need an urgent appointment and there’s no availability please [contact us](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/contact-us/). ###### Mobile appointments need to be booked separately [here](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/mobile-vet-appointments/). This page is for booking clinic appointments and prescriptions only. [Mobile clinic appointments](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/mobile-vet-appointments/) ### Bookings Book online here or download the app to your phone to manage everything there! [![Skylark Vets Download the booking app from Apple Sotre](data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%27170%27%20height%3D%2756%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%20170%2056%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%27170%27%20height%3D%2756%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E "Download on the apple store - Skylark Vets")](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/lupa-ai-powered-petcare/id6449440240) [![Skylark Vets Download the booking app from Google Play](data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%27184%27%20height%3D%2756%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%20184%2056%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%27184%27%20height%3D%2756%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E "Get it on google play - Skylark Vets")](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=app.petsai) --- ### [Poisons checker](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/poisons-checker-cats-and-dogs/) **Published:** January 8, 2025 **Author:** admin **Content:** # Poisons checker Are you worried your pet might have eaten something it shouldn’t have? Different items can be poisonous to different pets, and in different quantities. What is safe for one species may not be safe for another. What is safe for a Labrador Retriever may not be safe for a Chihuahua. #### Cats and dogs For cats and dogs you can use this tool to find out about the toxicity of the item consumed. #### Other species Please check our[ poisoning page](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/01/09/poisons-and-what-to-do/) for more information and contact us. [Copyright © VetHelpDirect](http://vethelpdirect.com) --- ### [Symptom checker](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/symptom-checker/) **Published:** January 5, 2025 **Author:** admin **Content:** # Symptom checker If you’re worried about your pet but can’t currently speak to a vet, try this great little tool which will help you decide if you have an emergency on your hands or if it can wait until you can get an appointment. If you need an urgent appointment please call us and we will fit you in as soon as possible. [Copyright © VetHelpDirect](http://vethelpdirect.com) --- ### [Terms & Conditions](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/terms-conditions/) **Published:** February 5, 2025 **Author:** admin **Content:** # Terms & Conditions This page (together with the documents referred to in it) tells you the terms of use on which you may make use of our website www.skylarkvets.co.uk (our site), whether as a guest or as a client. Please read these terms of use carefully before you start to use the site. By using our site, you indicate that you accept these terms of use, and that you agree to abide by them. If you do not agree to these terms of use, please refrain from using our site. ### About Skylark Vets Ltd www.skylarkvets.co.uk is a site operated by Skylark Vets Limited (“We”). We are registered in England and Wales under company number 10173601 and have our registered office at Skylark Vets, Skinners Lane, Edenbridge, Kent, England TN8 6LW ### Accessing www.skylarkvets.co.uk (our site) Access to our site is permitted on a temporary basis, and we reserve the right to withdraw or amend the service we provide on our site without notice (see below). We will not be liable if for any reason our site is unavailable at any time or for any period. You are also responsible for ensuring that all persons who access our site through your internet connection are aware of these terms, and that they comply with them. ### Intellectual Property We are the owner or the licensee of all intellectual property rights in our site, and in the material published on it, except where stated. Those works are protected by copyright laws and treaties around the world. All such rights are reserved. You may print off one copy, and may download extracts, of any page(s) from our site for your personal reference and you may draw the attention of others to material posted on our site. You must not modify the paper or digital copies of any materials you have printed off or downloaded in any way, and you must not use any illustrations, photographs, video or audio sequences or any graphics separately from any accompanying text. Our status (and that of any identified contributors) as the authors of material on our site must always be acknowledged. You must not use any part of the materials on our site for commercial purposes without obtaining a licence to do so from us or our licensors; for clarity, this includes any and all training of large language models (“artificial intelligence” systems). If you print off, copy or download any part of our site in breach of these terms of use, your right to use our site will cease immediately and you must, at our request, return or destroy any copies of the materials you have made. ### Reliance on information provided Commentary and other materials on our site relating to the condition of your pet are intended as a guide only. It helps you to decide how quickly you should seek veterinary attention for your pet, and whether there are any husbandry or first-aid steps you can take at home whilst waiting to consult a vet. If you are in any doubt about your pet’s condition, call for advice. No materials on this site are intended to amount to advice on which reliance should be placed. We therefore disclaim all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance placed on such materials by any visitor to our site, or by anyone who may be informed of any of its contents. The information contained on the site relating to the condition of your pet have been written or reviewed by a registered veterinary practitioner, licensed to practice in the United Kingdom. If you are outside that area, then you should be aware that this information may not be suitable for your geographic locations. In this case you should not use this site for advice relating to your pet. ### Changes to the website We aim to update our site regularly and may change the content at any time. If the need arises, we may suspend access to our site or close it indefinitely. Any of the material on our site may be out-of-date at any given time, and we are under no obligation to update such material. ### Our liability The material displayed on our site is provided without any guarantees, conditions or warranties as to its accuracy. To the extent permitted by law, we, and third parties connected to us, hereby expressly exclude: - All conditions, warranties and other terms which might otherwise be implied by statute, common law or the law of equity - Any liability for any direct, indirect or consequential loss or damage incurred by any user in connection with our site or in connection with the use, inability to use, or results of the use of our site, any websites linked to it and any materials posted on it, including, without limitation any liability for loss of income or revenue, loss of profits or contracts; and for any other loss or damage of any kind, however arising and whether caused by tort (including negligence), breach of contract or otherwise, even if foreseeable - This does not affect our liability for death or personal injury arising from our negligence, nor our liability for fraudulent misrepresentation or misrepresentation as to a fundamental matter, nor any other liability which cannot be excluded or limited under applicable law. Please note, comments on our articles may be published or not at our discretion. ### Information about you and your visit to our website We process information about you in accordance with our [Privacy Policy](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/privacy-policy/). By using our site, you consent to such processing, and you warrant that all data provided by you is accurate. ### External links Our site contains links to other sites and resources provided by third parties and these links are provided for your information only. We have no control over the contents of those sites or resources and accept no responsibility for them or for any loss or damage that may arise from your use of them. Any transactions with those third parties will be on the terms offered by those third parties. ### Jurisdiction and applicable law The English courts will have exclusive jurisdiction over any claim arising from, or related to, a visit to our site. These terms of use are governed by English law. ### Variations We may revise these terms of use at any time by amending this page. You are expected to check this page from time to time to take notice of any changes we made, as they are binding on you. Some of the provisions contained in these terms of use may also be superseded by provisions or notices published elsewhere on our site. ### Feedback, questions or concerns If you have any concerns about material which appears on our site, please contact us by email: . ## Thank you for visiting our site. ![Skylark Vets Exotic and domestic pet vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Wide-animal-banner-1600-x-400-px.png "Wide animal banner (1600 x 400 px) - Skylark Vets") --- ### [VidiVet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/vidivet/) **Published:** January 8, 2025 **Author:** admin **Content:** # VidiVet VidiVet is a service provided free to registered clients of Skylark Vets. It allows you to contact a vet online at any time, sending a message or video and receiving a video response from a qualified vet within a short timeframe. Notes from VidiVet consultations are shared with us so that we can pick up with you when we are next open. VidiVet will advise you if you are dealing with an emergency. VidiVet needs to be set up on your phone before you can use it. To set it up so that you don’t incur charges, you need a code from us. [Request VidiVet set up](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/contact-us/) --- ### [Useful links](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/useful-links/) **Published:** January 16, 2025 **Author:** admin **Content:** ## ### Pet loss support #### Blue Cross With a free and confidential helpline, webchat, email and Facebook group, the Blue Cross has been providing support to people suffering the loss of a pet, either through death, enforced separation or theft, for 30 years. - **0800 096 6606** - - [Blue Cross website info](https://www.bluecross.org.uk/pet-bereavement-and-pet-loss) ## ### Rehoming and keeping hens #### British Hen Welfare Trust The British Hen Welfare Trust is a national charity that rehomes commercial laying hens and encourages support for British free-range eggs. Their website is packed with useful information for anyone caring for chickens. - [BHWT website](https://www.bhwt.org.uk) ## ### About cats #### Cats Protection Adopt a cat, rehome a cat or support and be supported by the country’s largest feline welfare charity. - [Cats Protection website](https://www.cats.org.uk/) ## ### Animal Rescue, Edenbridge #### Last Chance Animal Rescue This wonderful, small, local charity rescues, rehabilitates and re-homes dogs, cats, rabbits and guinea-pigs. - [Last Chance website](https://www.lastchanceanimalrescue.co.uk/) ## ### Animal Rescue, Biggin Hill #### Foal Farm Animal Rescue Foal Farm has been rescuing and rehoming neglected animals in and around Kent for more than 60 years, rehoming cats, dogs and small animals, and providing permanent sanctuary to more than 100 farm animals and equines. - [Foal Farm website](https://www.foalfarm.org.uk/) ## ### Wildlife Rescue, Tunbridge Wells #### Folly Wildlife Rescue Folly Wildlife Rescue Trust is a charity dedicated to the rescue and rehabilitation of injured, orphaned and distressed wild animals and birds throughout West Kent, East Sussex and the surrounding region. - [Folly Wildlife website](https://www.follywildliferescue.org.uk/) ## ### Animal Welfare #### RSPCA Animal rescue, lobbying and re-homing - [RSPCA website](https://www.rspca.org.uk/) --- ### [Patient library](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/expert-advice/) **Published:** November 7, 2016 **Author:** admin **Content:** # Patient Library #### Choose a topic or Select Category Birds Cats Dental Diets Diseases Dogs Euthanasia Ferrets First aid at home Guinea-pigs Housing Husbandry Injuries Poisons & toxins Post-operative care at home Pre-operative care at home Rabbits Reptiles & amphibians Rodents Services Small mammals Stressors and threats Surgery Tortoises, terrapins & turtles Travel advice #### Search the library Search for: - [ ![Skylark Vets Brushing pet teeth](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Brushing-teeth-video-cover.jpg "Brushing teeth video cover - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/12/how-to-brush-your-pets-teeth-video/ "How to brush your pet’s teeth (video)") ### [How to brush your pet’s teeth (video)](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/12/how-to-brush-your-pets-teeth-video/) In this video, vet Charlotte gives a practical demonstration of how to brush your pet's teeth. [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/12/how-to-brush-your-pets-teeth-video/) - [ ![Skylark Vets Bird Vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/cockatiel-4794968_1280.jpg "cockatiel - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/01/28/essentials-of-keeping-birds/ "Essentials of keeping birds") ### [Essentials of keeping birds](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/01/28/essentials-of-keeping-birds/) Key things you need to know when keeping birds as pets - housing, enrichment, diets, exercise, environment, toxins, light and more [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/01/28/essentials-of-keeping-birds/) - [ ![Skylark Vets Adenovirus structure diagram on virus icon background](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Adenovirus-scaled-e1734539665162.jpg "Adenovirus structure diagram on virus icon background - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2024/12/17/adenoviruses/ "Adenoviruses") ### [Adenoviruses](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2024/12/17/adenoviruses/) There are many strains of adenovirus, and the vast majority are adapted for a specific host species so often cause subclinical disease, meaning illness may not be obvious. [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2024/12/17/adenoviruses/) - [ ![Skylark Vets Euthanasia](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/rainbow-e1739037404530.jpg "Rainbow - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/08/euthanasia/ "Euthanasia") ### [Euthanasia](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/08/euthanasia/) In this video, vet Charlotte shares her advice on things you can do to help prepare for the death of a pet, euthanasia, and how we can support you through this very difficult time. [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/08/euthanasia/) - [ ![Skylark Vets Exotic diagnostics](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/prsicilla-x-rays-CH-studying-them.jpg "Tortoise x-ray - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/09/diagnostic-imaging/ "Diagnostic imaging") ### [Diagnostic imaging](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/09/diagnostic-imaging/) When you have a sick pet, it may be that we suggest some diagnostic tests to try to confirm or rule out certain conditions. Diagnostic imaging is one of the options, depending on the case. [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/09/diagnostic-imaging/) - [ ![Skylark Vets Pet travel advice](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Globe.jpg "Globe - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/08/travelling-with-pets-outside-of-the-eu/ "Exporting your pet and travel outside of the EU") ### [Exporting your pet and travel outside of the EU](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/08/travelling-with-pets-outside-of-the-eu/) Tips for exporting your pet and travel outside of the EU - and how we can help. [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/08/travelling-with-pets-outside-of-the-eu/) - [ ![Skylark Vets Blood cells plasma](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/plasma-2753321_1280.jpg "plasma - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2024/12/30/broken-blood-feathers-and-bleeding-nails/ "Broken blood feathers and bleeding nails") ### [Broken blood feathers and bleeding nails](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2024/12/30/broken-blood-feathers-and-bleeding-nails/) Advice for dealing with bleeding blood feathers, which also applies to bleeding nails [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2024/12/30/broken-blood-feathers-and-bleeding-nails/) - [ ![Skylark Vets Seizures](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Seizures-e1739114650147.jpg "Seizures - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/09/seizures/ "Seizures") ### [Seizures](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/09/seizures/) Witnessing an animal having seizures can be a distressing experience, especially if it is happening for the first time or you are seeing it for the first time. [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/09/seizures/) - [ ![Skylark Vets Cat diets](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/cats-eating.jpg "cats eating - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/05/cat-diet/ "Diet information for cats") ### [Diet information for cats](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/05/cat-diet/) Providing your cat a balanced diet is vital in maintaining its overall health. What should it include? [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/05/cat-diet/) - [ ![Skylark Vets Tortoise Vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/tortoise-4277518_1280.jpg "tortoise - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/01/28/essentials-of-keeping-tortoises/ "Essentials of keeping tortoises") ### [Essentials of keeping tortoises](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/01/28/essentials-of-keeping-tortoises/) All the things you need to consider for looking after your tortoise well [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/01/28/essentials-of-keeping-tortoises/) - [ ![Skylark Vets Pet travel information](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Europe-pin-map.jpg "Europe pin map - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/08/animal-health-export-health-certificates/ "Animal Health & Export Health certificates") ### [Animal Health & Export Health certificates](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/08/animal-health-export-health-certificates/) How we can help with Animal Health Certificates, Export Health Certificates and Commercial exports [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/08/animal-health-export-health-certificates/) - [ ![Skylark Vets Ileus](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/rabbit-in-run.jpg "rabbit in run - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/12/ileus-gut-stasis/ "Ileus (gut stasis)") ### [Ileus (gut stasis)](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/12/ileus-gut-stasis/) Ileus or gut stasis is the term used to describe a condition where part of or all of the gastrointestinal tract ceases to move. It is very common in rabbits and guinea-pigs, both as a primary and a secondary condition. [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/12/ileus-gut-stasis/) - [ ![Skylark Vets Surgery](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Abi-Charlotte-Lily-e1739118032991.jpeg "Abi Charlotte Lily - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/09/surgery/ "Surgery") ### [Surgery](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/09/surgery/) Although we cannot walk you through the specifics of surgery here, we can give you an idea of what we are talking about with certain terminology, how we decide when to perform surgery, and what some of the common risks are. [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/09/surgery/) - [ ![Skylark Vets Lab testing](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Lab-testing-e1739111346874.jpg "Lab testing - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/09/lab-tests/ "Lab tests") ### [Lab tests](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/09/lab-tests/) We can conduct and analyse many lab test onsite, reducing the time you have to wait for results. Read more about different lab tests and how, why and when we use them. [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/09/lab-tests/) - [ ![Skylark Vets Snake Vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/line-1401741_1280.jpg "snake - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/01/28/essentials-of-keeping-snakes/ "Essentials of keeping snakes") ### [Essentials of keeping snakes](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/01/28/essentials-of-keeping-snakes/) All the do's and don'ts of keeping snakes [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/01/28/essentials-of-keeping-snakes/) - [ ![Skylark Vets Healthy guinea-pigs](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/guinea-pig-208438_1280-e1738083829812.jpg "guinea-pig - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/01/28/rabbits-guineapigs-degus-chinchillas/ "Essentials of keeping rabbits, guinea-pigs, degus and chinchillas") ### [Essentials of keeping rabbits, guinea-pigs, degus and chinchillas](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/01/28/rabbits-guineapigs-degus-chinchillas/) Essentials of keeping rabbits, guinea-pigs, degus and chinchillas - housing, diet, enrichment, exercise and company [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/01/28/rabbits-guineapigs-degus-chinchillas/) 1[2](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/wp-cron.php/page/2/?doing_wp_cron=1786200596.4045310020446777343750)[Next](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/wp-cron.php/page/2/?doing_wp_cron=1786200596.4045310020446777343750) ![Skylark Vets Exotic, avian and small animal vets](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Animal-row.png "Exotic, avian and small animals - Skylark Vets") --- ### [Customer reviews](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/customer-reviews/) **Published:** February 11, 2025 **Author:** Emily Tuite **Content:** # Customer reviews #### “We knew instantly that this was a vet who knew and understood exotics” We met Charlotte back in 2015 with one of my first guinea pigs and we knew instantly that this was a vet who knew and understood exotics, uses a holistic approach, and could provide an empathetic bedside manner that soothed both patient and human guardian. When Charlotte opened Skylark Vets it was a no-brainer that we would continue to put our trust into the new practice even if it wasn’t exactly local to us. One of the things we really admire about the Skylark set-up is the continuity in the care provided and willingness to work with the client. Everyone, no matter their role, makes it their concern to know and understand each patient. Over the years, the wonderful Skylark team has supported the complex health care needs of many of our rescue guinea pigs and our two dogs, in the static and mobile clinics. Having access to the mobile clinic, I believe, has played a huge part in a quicker recovery process as the patients are generally less stressed going from their bed straight out to the van. I’m not sure there is much that cannot be done in the van! Whilst Charlotte and the team have looked after many of our furry family members, there is one little guinea pig who became quite the regular over a period of about 3 years. Marvellous Miss Moo was not blessed with the greatest luck when it came to her health but she was fortunate enough to have the ongoing support (clinical and emotional!) from the team at Skylark. We cannot thank Skylark enough for giving Miss Moo, the pig with nine lives, every chance possible. -Hanna ![Guinea-pig](data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%27226%27%20height%3D%27300%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%20226%20300%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%27226%27%20height%3D%27300%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E) #### “I’m glad I’ll never have to spend the time looking for a decent exotics vet again!” ![Red iguana](data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%27225%27%20height%3D%27300%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%20225%20300%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%27225%27%20height%3D%27300%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E) I have proudly been a client of Skylark Vets for a few years now. They are the most wonderful, compassionate, friendly, and caring group of people and I wouldn’t trust anyone else with my pets. I had a guinea pig who Charlotte helped me with at the end of his life and currently have a red iguana, a panther chameleon, and two chinchillas. Finding a vet who has any knowledge or experience with these more exotic animals is really tough. I’m glad I’ll never have to spend the time looking for a decent exotics vet again! I cannot recommend Skylark enough. Charlotte has been exceptional and I’m so grateful to the whole team. – Katie #### “To actually find a vet that knew so much about rats was a huge relief. Truly – a brilliant practice” I am thrilled to bits at finding Skylark vets. To actually find Charlotte, a vet that knew so much about rats was a huge relief. They took amazing care of my little Cookie. Everyone at the practice is so sweet and kind, I really can’t recommend Skylark enough. Thank you so very much Skylark – truly a brilliant practice. -Allison Jane ![Dumbo Rat](data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%27300%27%20height%3D%27225%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%20300%20225%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%27300%27%20height%3D%27225%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E) --- ### [Privacy Policy](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/privacy-policy/) **Published:** February 5, 2025 **Author:** admin **Content:** # Privacy Policy This Privacy Policy sets out how Skylark Vets Limited uses and protects any information that you may provide. ### Who we are www.skylarkvets.co.uk is a site operated by Skylark Vets Limited (“We”). We are registered in England and Wales under company number 10173601 and have our registered office at Veterinary Surgery, Skinners Lane, Edenbridge, Kent, England TN8 6LW ### Our privacy commitment Skylark Vets Limited is committed to protecting and respecting your privacy. This policy (together with our Terms and Conditions and any other documents referred to in it) sets out the basis on which any personal data we collect from you, or that you provide to us, will be processed by us. As a veterinary practice, we have what is known as a legitimate interest in holding certain details of our patients and clients. Please read the following carefully to understand our views and practices regarding your personal data and how we will treat it. You consent, by using our website, registering with us and by using our veterinary services that personal information you provide will be held on a secure database. As we require this data to treat your animals and for legal reasons, it is necessary for the performance of the contract with you, we consider (under section 3, article 6 of the GDPR regulations) that formal, written consent is not required to record this data. We are fully committed to ensuring that your information is secure. In order to prevent unauthorised access or disclosure, we have in place a suitable physical, electronic and managerial procedure to safeguard any information that we hold. Skylark Vets may alter this policy from time to time, please check to ensure that you are happy with any changes. ### Data we collect - Name and address - Contact information, including email address and phone number - Pet details, including name, breed, age and, if relevant, any previous veterinary history - Pet insurance details - Any other information which is reasonably required to carry out our service to you ### When we may request this information - On initial registration - When making an appointment - When submitting an insurance claim for your pet - At the request of a repeat prescription - When registering for a health plan - If you send an enquiry to us - At any other time as reasonably required - Why we request this information In order to understand your needs and to enable us to provide a quality service, we need to collect and store personal information from you. ### We may collect data for the following reasons - To treat your pet(s) and maintain accurate medical records - To ensure that your pet’s healthcare is kept up to date by sending reminders for preventative treatment, via text, email or post - To contact you about your pet, your account or credit status, where required - To obtain any previous veterinary history from another practice - To process insurance claims on your behalf - To process payment for any services provided - To book appointments - To ask you to complete client satisfaction surveys to help us offer the best service we can - To let you know about changes to our services - To occasionally send you a Newsletter of inform you of any promotional offers that we feel you may benefit from. We may send you SMS, post or emails to contact you about treatments we consider you pet(s) may require in the best interests of their health, for example, vaccination reminders. We may also send you health care advice for your pet(s). We consider the above communication vital to maintaining the health of your pet(s) and that it is required for us to offer the level of service we strive for and, therefore, do not require you to opt into such communications. We will also automatically collect data such as dates and times of your visits to our website. ### Who we share your data with We may share your personal information with third parties to help us to provide our service to you. We do not sell or lease your data. The following is a list of the types of organisation with whom we may share your information: - Law enforcement agencies if requested in order to prevent any unlawful activity - Your pet’s insurance provider, if applicable - Pet microchipping companies - Other veterinary practices, including referral centres and triage services - External laboratories - Our database provider, if necessary, for resolving any technical enquiries - Organisations which support us with the email or text communications we deliver to you - Relevant drug companies may require pet information for statistical or technical enquiries - Debt collection agencies assisting us with unpaid debt - Providers of the pet health plans we offer ### How we protect your information Your data is stored securely on our behalf by our Practice Management software providers (Lupa and VetIT), as data processors and joint data controllers. We endeavour to keep your data current and accurate. Please help us keep your data up to date by contacting us if there are any changes. We have in place strict security procedures for the storage and disclosure of your information to prevent unauthorised access. Transmission of information via the Internet is not completely secure. Although we will do our best to protect your personal data, we cannot guarantee the security of your data transmitted to us via our website; any transmission is at your own risk. Once we have received your information, we will use strict procedures and security features to try to prevent unauthorised access. ### Protecting your security We may use for the purpose of promotional, marketing and publicity purposes in any media worldwide any comments or feedback (excluding personal data) which you post publicly or provide to the practice, without notice or without any fee being paid, once consent has been given. We may monitor or record telephone calls to ensure our quality standards are maintained and for fraud prevention purposes. ### How long we keep your information We store your personal information as long as reasonably required to provide our service to you. Due to the nature of our business we need to store data for a long time. We have relationships with many pet owners for the lifetime of the pet and then subsequent pets. Some pet insurance companies require history from the pet’s birth before assessing any insurance claim. The record keeping requirements for veterinary medicinal products are set out in the Veterinary Medicines Regulations. Records of the retail supply (which includes administration) of POM-V and POM-VPS medicines must be kept for 5 years. The record keeping requirements from HMRC is 6 years plus current year. To determine the appropriate retention period for data, we consider the amount, nature, and sensitivity of the personal data, the purposes for which we process your personal data and whether we can achieve the applicable legal requirements by other means. If we have had no contact with you for 7 years, we will send you an email to ask if you would like us to retain your records. If we do not hear from you within a reasonable period, we will securely delete your data: - We shall hold your information for as long as you are a registered client. - We shall continue to hold your personal information for a period of seven years even if you are no longer a client, in order to comply with the requirements of our insurers and our professional regulator. - We will check with you after a period of seven years with no contact whether you wish us to retain your records. ### Your rights You have a right to access the personal data about you that is held by us. To obtain a copy of the personal information please apply by email to the practice on . Your data will be made available within 30 days. You also have a right to request we delete your data. As your data may have to be kept by us for legal reasons we would consult our professional advisers regards any legal requirements to keep any data and inform you of their decision. Legally we have 30 days to exercise this. ### Social media We may sometimes engage with you through social media channels. - When we do so, we may see the personal information which you have shared with the social media platform, but we do not collect or store this information. - If you communicate with us through a social media platform, for example Facebook messenger, we may retain your messages with the messaging platform for a reasonable period. - If you publicly share any information with us through social media, please note that we are unable to control who sees that information. ### Cookies A cookie is an element of data that a website can send to your browser, which may then store it on the hard drive of your computer. First time visitors to our site will be asked to consent to the use of cookies. We use cookies on our website to monitor and improve the website, track user activity on the site and to enable various types of functionality. The site relies on some third-party services for analytics and provision of tools. Please note that all of these cookies exist to enable functionality on the website and not for advertising purposes. If you do not wish these cookies to be tracked you can disable them in your browser, but this may negatively affect your experience on the site. There are two types of cookie you may encounter when using this website: - First party cookies: these are our own cookies, controlled by us and used to provide information about the usage of our site. - Third party cookies: these are cookies found in other companies’ internet tools which we are using to enhance our site, for example, VidiVet, VetHelpDirect and Vetstoria. ### Changes to our Privacy Policy Any changes we may make to our Privacy Policy in the future will be posted on the Privacy Policy page or our website and, where appropriate, notified to you by email. If you have any queries about data protection, please contact us by email: . ![Skylark Vets Exotic and domestic pet vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Wide-animal-banner-1600-x-400-px.png "Wide animal banner (1600 x 400 px) - Skylark Vets") --- ### [iiE Environmental Policy](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/iie-environmental-policy/) **Published:** February 5, 2025 **Author:** admin **Content:** # Environmental Policy Skylark Vets Limited is a veterinary practice and mobile service which specialises in small animal and exotic animal care. At Skylark Vets, our team are always friendly, helpful and knowledgeable towards clients and their pets’ care. We acknowledge that our operations have an effect on the environment and have identified our key environmental aspects that contribute our environmental and carbon footprint: - Consumption of electricity, gas, water, and oil - Use of anaesthetic gases - Waste generation - Transport emissions - Use of raw materials, including prescribed drugs and medicines - Procured goods and services with their own environmental impact Skylark Vets is committed to reducing its environmental impact through a journey of continual improvement by working through the Investors in the Environment accreditation scheme. We are using the support of the Investors in the Environment to aid us in providing the best quality care to our clients and their pets whilst minimizing our impact on the environment and supporting our planet where we can. Our environmental commitment can be demonstrated in our established objectives and goals below: - Compliance with all applicable environmental regulations and public/customer expectations - Monitoring our key resource usage and implementing conservation techniques to achieve our environmental targets - Implement a waste/recycling policy and sustainable procurement policy - Minimising unnecessary transport by grouping appointments within certain areas together - Take part in a One Health sustainability project with our staff - Working with suppliers to ensure they acknowledge and decrease the environmental impact of their products and transportation - Minimising the use of paper where a suitable alternative is available We will continue to improve our environmental management system by working to the Investors in the Environment (iiE) criteria, considering any changes in legislation, our organisation, and other factors. We will convey this policy to all our employees ensuring that they are provided with training to increase awareness of environmental matters. During our rebuilding of the clinic we will aim to meet all of the points stated above and ensure we are making choices for the new site to be even more sustainable than before, however this may affect some of our ways of working. Lily Evans is our Sustainability Champion and has designated responsibility for the day-to-day implementation of this policy. When requested, Skylark Vets will make this policy available to interested parties, including members of the public and making a copy available on the website. Signed: Charlotte Hussey Date: 08 August 2024 (updated 05 February 5, 2025) ![Skylark Vets Exotic and domestic pet vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Wide-animal-banner-1600-x-400-px.png "Wide animal banner (1600 x 400 px) - Skylark Vets") --- ## Portfolio ### [Pet Health Plans](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/pet-health-plans/) **Published:** November 7, 2016 **Author:** admin **Excerpt:** Our Pet Health Plans take the guess work out routine care for all types of pet **Content:** # Pet Health Plans Our Pet Health Plans take the guess work out of routine veterinary care for your pet. They bring together all our recommended checks and routine treatments on an annual basis. The plans are a simple, reliable way to spread the cost of routine treatments across the year by monthly direct debit. Health plans also entitle you to discounts across a range of services available at every visit, as well as savings on your pet’s routine care. If you’d like peace of mind and comprehensive preventative care, these plans are for you! PLEASE NOTE **\*\*Our Pet Health Plans are currently being reviewed and exact details may vary slightly from this page. For pricing and more information, please contact us\*\*** ### Select your plan - [Dog health plans](#Dogs) - [Cat health plans](#Cats) - [Rabbit health plans](#Rabbits) - [Ferret health plans](#Ferrets) - [Small mammal health plans (including guinea-pigs)](#Small_mammals) - [Bird health plans](#Birds) - [Tortoise, terrapin & turtle plans](#Chelonia) - [Reptile health plans](#Reptiles) #### Pet Health Plan benefits ![Skylark Vets Complete care](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Complete-care.jpg "Complete care - Skylark Vets")##### Complete care Provides all recommended treatments ![Skylark Vets](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Unlimited-consultations.png "Unlimited consultations - Skylark Vets")##### Unlimited consultations Vet and nurse visits included ![Skylark Vets](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Spread-the-cost.png "Spread the cost - Skylark Vets")##### Spread the cost Monthly payments ![Skylark Vets Savings](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Saving.jpg "Savings - Skylark Vets")##### Savings Discounts on treatments ## Dogs Comprehensive - Vaccination – DHP - Vaccination – kennel cough - Vaccination – L4 - Vaccination consultation - 12 months’ supply of Bravecto (flea, tick, mite & louse treatment) - 12 months’ supply of Milprazon (lungworm, roundworm & tapeworm treatment) - Unlimited veterinary consultations - Unlimited nurse consultations - In-house biochemistry blood test - In-house haematology blood test - In-house urine test - Home delivery of parasite treatments every quarter - Parasite treatment reminder text messages every month ##### Please contact us for pricing and exact details Premium As with Comprehensive with added dental scale and polish under anaesthetic - Dental scale and polish under anaesthetic - Vaccination – DHP - Vaccination – kennel cough - Vaccination – L4 - Vaccination consultation - 12 months’ supply of Bravecto (flea, tick, mite & louse treatment) - 12 months’ supply of Milprazon (lungworm, roundworm & tapeworm treatment) - Unlimited veterinary consultations - Unlimited nurse consultations - In-house biochemistry blood test - In-house haematology blood test - In-house urine test - Home delivery of parasite treatments every quarter - Parasite treatment reminder text messages every month ##### Please contact us for pricing and exact details Puppy - Puppy vaccination course (2 vaccines, each DHPL4) - Vaccination – kennel cough - Vaccination consultation - 12 months’ supply of Bravecto (flea, tick, mite & louse treatment) - 12 months’ supply of Milprazon (lungworm, roundworm & tapeworm treatment) - Unlimited veterinary consultations - Unlimited nurse consultations - In-house biochemistry blood test - In-house haematology blood test - In-house urine test - Microchip - Toothbrush & toothpaste kit - Neutering (spay or castration) - Home delivery of parasite treatments every quarter - Parasite treatment reminder text messages every month ##### Please contact us for pricing and exact details [Contact us](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/contact-us/) ## Cats Comprehensive - Vaccination – Ducat - Vaccination – FeLV - Vaccination consultation - 12 months’ supply of Droncit (tapeworm treatment) - 12 months’ supply of Bravecto Plus (flea, tick, mite, louse, lungworm & roundworm treatment) - Unlimited veterinary consultations - Unlimited nurse consultations - In-house biochemistry blood test - In-house haematology blood test - In-house urine test - Home delivery of parasite treatments every quarter - Parasite treatment reminder text messages every month ##### Please contact us for pricing and exact details Premium As with Comprehensive with added dental scale and polish under anaesthetic - Dental scale & polish under anaesthetic - Vaccination – Ducat - Vaccination – FeLV - Vaccination consultation - 12 months’ supply of Droncit (tapeworm treatment) - 12 months’ supply of Bravecto Plus (flea, tick, mite, louse, lungworm & roundworm treatment) - Unlimited veterinary consultations - Unlimited nurse consultations - In-house biochemistry blood test - In-house haematology blood test - In-house urine test - Home delivery of parasite treatments every quarter - Parasite treatment reminder text messages every month ##### Please contact us for pricing and exact details Kitten - Vaccination – Ducat - Vaccination – FeLV - Vaccination consultation - 12 months’ supply of Droncit (tapeworm treatment) - 12 months’ supply of Bravecto Plus (flea, tick, mite, louse, lungworm & roundworm treatment) - Unlimited veterinary consultations - Unlimited nurse consultations - In-house biochemistry blood test - In-house haematology blood test - In-house urine test - Microchip - Toothbrush & toothpaste kit - Neutering (spay or castration) - Home delivery of parasite treatments every quarter - Parasite treatment reminder text messages every month ##### Please contact us for pricing and exact details [Contact us](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/contact-us/) ## Rabbits Comprehensive - Vaccination – myxomatosis-RHD Plus - Vaccination consultation - Stronghold 30mg/45mg per pipette - F10 100ml insecticide spray - Unlimited veterinary consultations - Unlimited nurse consultations - In-house biochemistry blood test - In-house haematology blood test - In-house urine test - Home delivery of parasite treatments every quarter - Parasite treatment reminder text messages every month ##### Please contact us for pricing and exact details Premium As with Comprehensive with added dental burr under anaesthetic - Dental burr under anaesthetic Vaccination – myxomatosis-RHD Plus - Vaccination – myxomatosis-RHD Plus - Vaccination consultation - Stronghold 30mg/45mg per pipette - F10 100ml insecticide spray - Unlimited veterinary consultations - Unlimited nurse consultations - In-house biochemistry blood test - In-house haematology blood test - In-house urine test - Home delivery of parasite treatments every quarter - Parasite treatment reminder text messages every month ##### Please contact us for pricing and exact details Kit - Vaccination – myxomatosis-RHD Plus - Vaccination consultation - Stronghold 30mg/45mg per pipette - F10 100ml insecticide spray - Unlimited veterinary consultations - Unlimited nurse consultations - In-house biochemistry blood test - In-house haematology blood test - In-house urine test - Neutering (spay or castration) - Home delivery of parasite treatments every quarter - Parasite treatment reminder text messages every month ##### Please contact us for pricing and exact details [Contact us](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/contact-us/) ## Ferrets Comprehensive - Vaccination – DHP - Vaccination consultation - Stronghold 30mg/45mg per pipette - Unlimited veterinary consultations - Unlimited nurse consultations - In-house biochemistry blood test - In-house haematology blood test - Anti-anxiety injection prior to blood sampling - In-house urine test - Home delivery of parasite treatments every quarter - Parasite treatment reminder text messages every month ##### Please contact us for pricing and exact details Premium As with Comprehensive with added dental scale and polish under anaesthetic - Dental scale and polish under anaesthetic - Vaccination – DHP - Vaccination consultation - Stronghold 30mg/45mg per pipette - Unlimited veterinary consultations - Unlimited nurse consultations - In-house biochemistry blood test - In-house haematology blood test - Anti-anxiety injection prior to blood sampling - In-house urine test - Home delivery of parasite treatments every quarter - Parasite treatment reminder text messages every month ##### Please contact us for pricing and exact details Hob - Vaccination – DHP - Vaccination consultation - Stronghold 30mg/45mg per pipette - Unlimited veterinary consultations - Unlimited nurse consultations - In-house biochemistry blood test - In-house haematology blood test - Anti-anxiety injection prior to blood sampling - In-house urine test - Vasectomy - Home delivery of parasite treatments every quarter - Parasite treatment reminder text messages every month ##### Please contact us for pricing and exact details [Contact us](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/contact-us/) ## Small mammals For guinea-pigs, degus, chinchillas etc Comprehensive - 12 months’ supply of Xeno (worm, louse, flea & mite treatment) - Unlimited veterinary consultations - Unlimited nurse consultations - In-house urine test - Home delivery of parasite treatments every quarter - Parasite treatment reminder text messages every quarter ##### Please contact us for pricing and exact details Premium As with Comprehensive with added dental burr under anaesthetic - Dental burr under anaesthetic - 12 months’ supply of Xeno (worm, louse, flea & mite treatment) - Unlimited veterinary consultations - Unlimited nurse consultations - In-house urine test - Home delivery of parasite treatments every quarter - Parasite treatment reminder text messages every quarter ##### Please contact us for pricing and exact details Young - 12 months’ supply of Xeno (worm, louse, flea & mite treatment) - Unlimited veterinary consultations - Unlimited nurse consultations - In-house urine test - Neutering (spay, castration or suprelorin implant) - Home delivery of parasite treatments every quarter - Parasite treatment reminder text messages every quarter ##### Please contact us for pricing and exact details [Contact us](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/contact-us/) ## Birds Comprehensive - 12 months’ supply of Xeno (worm, louse, flea & mite treatment) - Unlimited veterinary consultations - Unlimited nurse consultations - In-house biochemistry blood test - Haematology blood test - Ionised calcium blood test - Anti-anxiety injection prior to, or anaesthetic for blood sampling - Bi-annual beak trim - Home delivery of parasite treatments every quarter - Parasite treatment reminder text messages every quarter ##### Please contact us for pricing and exact details [Contact us](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/contact-us/) ## Tortoises, terrapins & turtles Comprehensive - Unlimited veterinary consultations - Unlimited nurse consultations - In-house biochemistry blood test - Haematology blood test - Ionised calcium blood test - In-house faecal worm egg count prior to brumation - Bi-annual beak trim ##### Please contact us for pricing and exact details [Contact us](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/contact-us/) ## Reptiles & amphibians Comprehensive - 12 months’ supply of Xeno (worm, louse, flea & mite treatment) - Unlimited veterinary consultations - Unlimited nurse consultations - In-house biochemistry blood test - Haematology blood test - Ionised calcium blood test - In-house faecal worm egg count prior to brumation - Home delivery of parasite treatments every quarter - Parasite treatment reminder text messages every quarter ##### Please contact us for pricing and exact details Premium As with Comprehensive with added dental scale and polish under anaesthetic - 12 months’ supply of Xeno (worm, louse, flea & mite treatment) - Unlimited veterinary consultations - Unlimited nurse consultations - In-house biochemistry blood test - Haematology blood test - Ionised calcium blood test - In-house faecal worm egg count prior to brumation - Home delivery of parasite treatments every quarter - Parasite treatment reminder text messages every quarter ##### Please contact us for pricing and exact details [Contact us](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/contact-us/) **Portfolio Categories:** Health Plans --- ### [Ava Loughran](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/ava-loughran/) **Published:** April 7, 2026 **Author:** admin **Excerpt:** Receptionist **Content:** Receptionist # Hypothyroidism in dogs Ava is one of Skylark’s reception team and joined us in 2025. Says Ava, “My favourite thing about working at Skylark is I get to see how much people love and care for their pets, but I also love hearing some unique names! As a client for many years myself, it’s really lovely to feel part of the team that cared for my pets when they were poorly – in particular my bunny Flash and Jack Russell, Pebbles. “In my spare time i like to try my hand at flower arranging, so you’ll find me in the garden with my grumpy cat who’s always happy to see me, unless it’s at work in the clinic!” ![Skylark Vets](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Ava.jpeg "Ava - Skylark Vets") ![Skylark Vets Exotic, avian and small animal vets](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Animal-row.png "Exotic, avian and small animals - Skylark Vets") **Portfolio Categories:** Receptionist, Staff **Portfolio Tags:** Receptionist --- ### [Emily Tuite](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/emily-tuite/) **Published:** June 21, 2025 **Author:** admin **Excerpt:** Marketing **Content:** Marketing Communications # Hypothyroidism in dogs Emily has worked in Marketing Communications for over 25 years and has been supporting the Skylark Team with social media, advertising, website management and events since March 2024. When not at her desk, Emily can be found outside with her chickens, dogs or ponies – or any combination thereof! ![Skylark Vets](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Emily.jpg "Emily - Skylark Vets") ![Skylark Vets Exotic, avian and small animal vets](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Animal-row.png "Exotic, avian and small animals - Skylark Vets") **Portfolio Categories:** Marketing, Staff --- ### [Gracie Vennard](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/gracie-vennard/) **Published:** April 7, 2026 **Author:** admin **Excerpt:** Receptionist **Content:** Receptionist # Hypothyroidism in dogs Gracie is one of Skylark’s reception team and joined us in 2025. She says, “I wanted to work at Skylark Vets because I want to help in the health and welfare of the animals – as well as supporting the clients. It’s all very rewarding. “In my spare time I love walking my dogs and I have a daughter who is three. We go swimming and dancing together – and she definitely keeps me on my toes!” ![Skylark Vets](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Receptionist.jpeg "Receptionist - Skylark Vets") ![Skylark Vets Exotic, avian and small animal vets](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Animal-row.png "Exotic, avian and small animals - Skylark Vets") **Portfolio Categories:** Receptionist, Staff **Portfolio Tags:** Receptionist --- ### [Dawn Vanner](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/dawn-vanner/) **Published:** January 3, 2025 **Author:** admin **Excerpt:** Receptionist & Administrator **Content:** Administrative Support and Receptionist # Hypothyroidism in dogs Dawn joined us in November 2020, having been a Veterinary Receptionist since 2006. As well as being a friendly face on reception, Dawn is in charge of most of our admin and keeps our practice organised so that we can focus on providing medical care. Dawn loves all animals, especially dogs, but she used to have a phobia of birds which she has since overcome with the help of Charlotte’s lovebirds, who enjoyed making sure she got to know them! Dawn has a rescue dog called Primrose who can frequently be seen – and heard – at the clinic. ![Skylark Vets Dog with muddy nose](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Dog-muddy-nose.jpeg "Dog muddy nose - Skylark Vets") ![Skylark Vets Exotic and domestic pet vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Wide-animal-banner-1600-x-400-px.png "Wide animal banner (1600 x 400 px) - Skylark Vets") **Portfolio Categories:** Administrative Support & Receptionist, Staff --- ### [Lily Evans](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/lily-evans/) **Published:** January 3, 2025 **Author:** admin **Excerpt:** Vet Nurse **Content:** Veterinary Nurse # Hypothyroidism in dogs Lily qualified as an RVN in 2018 and has since completed five certificates in exotics nursing! She has always had a keen interest and love for the exotic species. At home, Lily has always had dogs and various reptiles or hamsters that she has rescued. Two years ago Lily hand-reared a week old dachshund puppy who is now her pride and joy, Kevin. You will probably see him on our social media every so often. Along with Kevin, Lily lives at home with a Jack Russell cross, Freddie, a Pug called Stanley, a leopard gecko, Eddie, and a foster hamster. In her spare time you will often find her crafting or on a dog walk with Kevin and some friends. ![Skylark Vets Bird Vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Lily-e1734549149591.jpeg "Lily - Skylark Vets") ![Skylark Vets Exotic, avian and small animal vets](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Animal-row.png "Exotic, avian and small animals - Skylark Vets") **Portfolio Categories:** Staff **Portfolio Tags:** Vet nurse --- ### [Grace Wainwright](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/grace-wainwright/) **Published:** January 3, 2025 **Author:** admin **Excerpt:** Vet Nurse **Content:** Lead Veterinary Nurse # Hypothyroidism in dogs Grace has been working in the animal care field since her part time jobs as a teenager. She started working in veterinary clinics in 2008 and qualified as a nurse in 2012. Grace enjoys working with a wide range of species to ensure they all get the best quality of life with their families. Outside of work Grace enjoys swimming, reading novels and travelling. Her travels have taken her to Svalbard in the artic to see wild polar bears, whales, walruses, artic foxes and a wide range of bird species. Africa on safari, New Zealand to go open water swimming with dolphins, Hong Kong to see pink dolphins and Australia to dive with turtles, sharks and seahorses to name but a few. ![Skylark Vets Small Mammal Vet](data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%271500%27%20height%3D%271500%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%201500%201500%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%271500%27%20height%3D%271500%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E "Pumpkin and Grace - Skylark Vets") ![Skylark Vets Exotic, avian and small animal vets](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Animal-row.png "Exotic, avian and small animals - Skylark Vets") **Portfolio Categories:** Staff **Portfolio Tags:** Vet nurse --- ### [Charlotte Hussey](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/charlotte-hussey/) **Published:** January 2, 2025 **Author:** admin **Excerpt:** Vet & Director **Content:** Veterinary Surgeon and Director # Hypothyroidism in dogs BSc(Hons) BVM&S MRCVS Charlotte qualified as a vet from the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Science, Edinburgh, in 2011. Prior to this, she completed an honours degree in Physiology with Biochemistry at Southampton University. The veterinary profession is her second career, and she feels confident that this industry is where she will remain – particularly since founding Skylark Vets! Charlotte grew up in the countryside, surrounded by woodlands, fields and haystacks. She has always harboured a passion for both animals – whatever their shape or size – and the great British outdoors. She particularly loves hill walking, but is amenable to many outdoor pursuits! Over the years, her many companions have varied from dogs to birds, to guinea-pigs and rabbits, to bearded dragons to tortoises. This experience has been tremendously helpful in helping her to empathize with pets and owners alike. British wildlife is close to Charlotte’s heart, and she is keen to help to preserve the natural world wherever possible. She is a firm believer that wild animals should remain wild! Although very fond of companion mammals, Charlotte holds a special veterinary interest in birds and reptiles. ![Skylark Vets Reptile Vet](data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%27334%27%20height%3D%27295%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%20334%20295%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%27334%27%20height%3D%27295%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E "Charlotte and friend - Skylark Vets") ![Skylark Vets Exotic, avian and small animal vets](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Animal-row.png "Exotic, avian and small animals - Skylark Vets") **Portfolio Categories:** Staff, Vet and Director **Portfolio Tags:** Vet --- ### [Mobile vet service](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/mobile-vet/) **Published:** November 7, 2016 **Author:** admin **Content:** # Mobile Vet Service Ideal for people and pets who find coming to the clinic difficult or stressful, our custom-built pet ambulance means that we can provide a full mobile vet service at your home.\* Our mobile vet service includes: - X-rays, ultrasounds and blood tests - Surgical procedures, including neutering - Dentistry – tooth cleaning, extraction - Home euthanasia - Health checks and vaccinations - Routine nail and beak trims - Pet passports, travel health checks and export certifications - Fluid therapies, administering medications, bandage changes ![Skylark Vets Dog with muddy nose](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Dog-muddy-nose.jpeg "Dog muddy nose - Skylark Vets") > "An excellent mobile vet service. No longer does my cat have to be stressed by taking him in the car to a clinic. He had an operation in the van parked in our drive and was able to come straight indoors afterwards, where he made an excellent recovery. > > I highly recommend Skylark Vets. Charlotte treats all of her patients with kindness, compassion and professionalism and her team are second-to-none. " **Jackie**, [VetHelp review](https://vethelpdirect.com/skylark-vets-ltd-in-sevenoaks-2639#review-120) ## Areas we visit Typically, we operate within a 15-mile radius of Edenbridge covering Sevenoaks, (parts of) Tonbridge, Orpington, Oxted and Lingfield. We visit many of the smaller surrounding villages including Knockholt, Cudham, Chevening, Chipstead, Pratts Bottom, Badgers Mount, Halstead, Chelsfield, Otford, Downe, Ide Hill, Penshurst, Sundridge, Dormansland, Hever, Cowden, Four Elms and Leigh. ## #### Booking information We schedule our routes and timetables according to patient needs, so to book a home visit we will need to liaise directly with you. Please visit our [Mobile vet appointments](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/mobile-vet-appointments/) page. **\*Please note, we can only legally treat patients on private property and need adequate space to park. Please enquire for more details.** ## Ambulance tour ##### Look around the ambulance with Vet Charlotte > "A huge bonus to have a capable and friendly vet attend my animals at home. The stress of having to transport them and have them wait their turn is no longer an issue. I had heard great things about Skylark and I am very happy we are on the practice's rounds." ![](data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%27300%27%20height%3D%27400%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%20300%20400%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%27300%27%20height%3D%27400%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E)**Nicki**, [VetHelp review](https://vethelpdirect.com/skylark-vets-ltd-in-sevenoaks-2639#review-120) **Portfolio Categories:** Mobile Service --- ### [Routine & surgical services](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/vetservices/) **Published:** January 22, 2025 **Author:** admin **Excerpt:** We provide an extensive range of vet services from our clinic in Edenbridge or with home visits and our mobile vet service. **Content:** # Routine & surgical services We provide all the standard care you would expect from a good vet from our clinic here in Edenbridge or with our mobile vet service. Experienced in the care of all kinds of pets, including reptiles and birds, we can help you with any of the following and more. We take an holistic approach, looking at the whole patient rather than just the area of concern highlighted by a worried owner. This means that during a routine appointment, or even when you are worried about one thing, we may observe other niggles or complaints which can in turn inform diagnosis. We frequently advocate using approved nutraceutical or herbal products for a range of conditions, as well as vitamin and mineral supplements where indicated, and pre- and pro-biotics. From time to time we may also recommend referrals for acupuncture, physiotheraphy and hydroptherapy for pets in recovery. We find a multi-modal approach is often the most effective way to a swift recovery for your pet. We are also very happy to work alongside our trusted herbal vet colleagues and offer referrals for those wishing to avoid synthetic medications completely. As we are independent we are free to exercise our best judgement. Some of our key services include: - Medical checks - Behavioural issues - Microchipping - Parasite treatments - Routine vaccinations - Teeth, beak and claw maintenance - Weight management - Chronic illness support - Surgery - Diagnostics - Euthanasia ![Skylark Vets Dog with muddy nose](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Dog-muddy-nose.jpeg "Dog muddy nose - Skylark Vets") [### Health Plans](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/pet-health-plans/) We have a number of species-specfic health plans. [Find out more!](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/pet-health-plans/) [Book an appointment](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/appointments/) ![Skylark Vets Exotic vet and nurse](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Vet-and-nurse.jpg "Vet and nurse - Skylark Vets")##### Vet and nurse Vet nurse appointments also available for many routine services ![Skylark Vets Independent vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Independent.jpg "Independent - Skylark Vets")##### Independent Independent - free to exercise our best judgement ![Skylark Vets Holistic vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Holistic.jpg "Holistic - Skylark Vets")##### Holistic Holistic - we look at the full picture and consider the best approach ![Skylark Vets Mobile vet and Endenbridge clinic](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Flexible.jpg "Flexible - Skylark Vets")##### Flexible Routine services all available in-clinic or at home ### Diagnostics & surgery #### Diagnostics We have a wide range of diagnostic imaging tools at our disposal, and are able to carry out many lab tests in-clinic, reducing the anxious waiting time for results. #### Surgery & anaesthesia We can perform a wide range of surgeries in the clinic and the mobile clinic, on most parts of the body. The vast majority of elective procedures involve a patient going home on the day of the surgery, unless the procedure is performed late in the day or complications arise. We are fully equipped for monitoring sedated and anaesthetized patients effectively both on our ambulance and in our clinic. We monitor heart rate, breathing rate, depth of breathing, as well as the concentrations of oxygen in the blood. We also monitor the percentages of oxygen and carbon dioxide in each breath to allow us to find problems early on and rectify them. We monitor blood pressure and may also have a continuous ECG in place to monitor cardiac function. [Read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/category/services/) ### ### Other services you may be interested in: - ![Skylark Vets Mobile vet service - pet ambulance for home visits](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Mobile-Vet-Ambulance.jpg "Animal ambulance - Skylark Vets") [Mobile vet service](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/mobile-vet/) [](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/mobile-vet/) ##### [Mobile vet service](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/mobile-vet/) - ![Skylark Vets Pet Health Plans](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Pet-health-plans.jpg "Pet health plans - Skylark Vets") [Pet Health Plans](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/pet-health-plans/) [](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/pet-health-plans/) ##### [Pet Health Plans](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/pet-health-plans/) - ![Skylark Vets Vet travel services](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Travel-services.jpg "Travel services - Skylark Vets") [Travel services](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/pet-travel-services/) [](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/pet-travel-services/) ##### [Travel services](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/pet-travel-services/) ### Species-specific services - ![Skylark Vets Guinea-pig vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/StockCake-Guinea-Pigs-Feasting_1735756579.jpg "Guinea Pigs - Skylark Vets") [Guinea-pigs & rabbits](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/guinea-pig-vet-and-rabbit-vet/) [](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/guinea-pig-vet-and-rabbit-vet/) ##### [Guinea-pigs & rabbits](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/guinea-pig-vet-and-rabbit-vet/) - ![Skylark Vets Reptile Vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/StockCake-Tortoise-Eating-Greens_1735748407.jpg "Tortoise eating greens - Skylark Vets") [Tortoises, terrapins & turtles](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/chelonia-tortoises-and-turtles/) [](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/chelonia-tortoises-and-turtles/) ##### [Tortoises, terrapins & turtles](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/chelonia-tortoises-and-turtles/) - ![Skylark Vets Dog and cat](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Dog-and-cat.jpg "Dog and cat - Skylark Vets") [Cats & dogs](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/cats-and-dogs/) [](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/cats-and-dogs/) ##### [Cats & dogs](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/cats-and-dogs/) - ![Skylark Vets Small mammal vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/hamster-727293_1280-e1736528754949.jpg "hamster - Skylark Vets") [Small mammals](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/small-mammal-vet/) [](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/small-mammal-vet/) ##### [Small mammals](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/small-mammal-vet/) - ![Skylark Vets Avian Vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/parrot-e1739376665862.jpg "Macaw in aviary - Skylark Vets") [Birds](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/avian-vet/) [](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/avian-vet/) ##### [Birds](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/avian-vet/) - ![Skylark Vets Reptile Vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/iguana-4662830_1280.jpg "Iguana - Skylark Vets") [Reptiles & amphibians](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/reptile-vet/) [](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/reptile-vet/) ##### [Reptiles & amphibians](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/reptile-vet/) **Portfolio Categories:** Routine Services --- ### [Tortoises, terrapins & turtles](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/chelonia-tortoises-and-turtles/) **Published:** January 1, 2025 **Author:** admin **Excerpt:** We are experienced in first-opinion veterinary care for tortoises, terrapins and turtles. We even have a health plan for chelonia! **Content:** # Vet services for tortoises, terrapins & turtles Advice, care and medicine Tortoises, terrapins and turtles (chelonia) are a firm favourite here at Skylark Vets. We can diagnose and treat your chelonia pet – or refer to a specialist if need be. Chelonia species vary incredibly widely in their needs and what works for one type could be very damaging for another. If you need help or advice on housing, husbandry, diet and brumation (hibernation) – anything related to chelonia – we can help. We also have a comprehensive health plan for owners of these beautiful creatures. [Book an appointmentBook an appointment](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/appointments/) - Husbandry & diet advice - Set-up checks - Beak and claw trims - Pre- & post-brumation (hibernation) checks - Faecal worm egg counts - Routine health checks - Pet health plans - Microchipping - Diagnostics – blood tests, x-rays, ultrasound scans, cytology, culture, histopathology - Surgery – wound assessment & repair, shell repair, salpingectomy, egg removal etc. - Export health certificates ![Skylark Vets Reptile Vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/tortoise-5718547_1280.jpg "Tortoise - Skylark Vets") ![Skylark Vets Reptile Vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/terrapin.jpg "terrapin - Skylark Vets") ![Skylark Vets Reptile Vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/StockCake-Tortoise-Eating-Greens_1735748407.jpg "Tortoise eating greens - Skylark Vets") ![Skylark Vets Reptile Vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/turtle-7951708_1280.jpg "Turtle - Skylark Vets") [### Health Plans for chelonia](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/pet-health-plans/) We have a specfic health plan for tortoises, terrapins & turtles. [Find out more!](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/pet-health-plans/) ## Reviews from owners > “So nice to find a vet that has so much knowledge about tortoises. They did a brilliant job in bringing back our old tortoise back to good health. Thank you” **Steve**, [VetHelpDirect review](https://vethelpdirect.com/skylark-vets-ltd-in-sevenoaks-2639#review-70) > “So pleased with the care and expertise of Skylark Vets. With their knowledge, skills and advice we have been nursing a rehomed tortoise back to health. We would highly recommend them.” ![Tortoise on Vet table](data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%27300%27%20height%3D%27225%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%20300%20225%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%27300%27%20height%3D%27225%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E)**Laura Dawson**, [VetHelpDirect review]() > “Charlotte and her staff are always gentle when handling my them Snake Necked Turtle. Charlotte really seems to be very knowledgeable about reptiles and has always treated him effectively.” **Joan**, [VetHelpDirect review](https://vethelpdirect.com/skylark-vets-ltd-in-sevenoaks-2639#review-115) ### Articles you may find interesting - [ ![Skylark Vets Tortoise diets](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/tortoise-eating.jpg "tortoise eating - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/05/diets-for-tortoises-and-herbivorous-lizards/ "Diets for tortoises and herbivorous lizards") ### [Diets for tortoises and herbivorous lizards](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/05/diets-for-tortoises-and-herbivorous-lizards/) Tortoises and lizards come from all over the world and, as such, their diets vary from species to species. You should confirm what species your tortoise or lizard is before carefully researching a suitable diet for them. [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/05/diets-for-tortoises-and-herbivorous-lizards/) - [ ![Skylark Vets Exotics Vet - terrapin](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/terrapin-1062097_1280.jpg "terrapin - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/01/28/essentials-of-keeping-terrapins-and-turtles/ "Essentials of keeping terrapins & turtles") ### [Essentials of keeping terrapins & turtles](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/01/28/essentials-of-keeping-terrapins-and-turtles/) All the basic information you need to have happy and healthy terrapins and turtles [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/01/28/essentials-of-keeping-terrapins-and-turtles/) - [ ![Skylark Vets Tortoise Vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/tortoise-4277518_1280.jpg "tortoise - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/01/28/essentials-of-keeping-tortoises/ "Essentials of keeping tortoises") ### [Essentials of keeping tortoises](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/01/28/essentials-of-keeping-tortoises/) All the things you need to consider for looking after your tortoise well [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/01/28/essentials-of-keeping-tortoises/) - [ ![Skylark Vets Brumation video](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Brumating-your-tortoise-YT.jpg "Brumating your tortoise - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2024/12/18/brumation/ "Brumation") ### [Brumation](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2024/12/18/brumation/) All the information you need about brumating your tortoise - whether to/why/how/how long for and important checks to do to make sure your tortoise does well in winter. [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2024/12/18/brumation/) 1[2](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/wp-cron.php/page/2/?doing_wp_cron=1786200596.4045310020446777343750)[Next](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/wp-cron.php/page/2/?doing_wp_cron=1786200596.4045310020446777343750) [Visit our Patient Library](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/expert-advice/) **Portfolio Categories:** Reptiles & amphibians, Species --- ### [Small mammals](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/small-mammal-vet/) **Published:** January 1, 2025 **Author:** admin **Excerpt:** Our small mammal vet service provides for all kinds - hamsters, gerbils, degus, chinchillas, mice, rats and even tenrecs! Edenbridge & mobile **Content:** # Small mammal vet services Advice, care and medicine At Skylark Vets, we see and treat many types of small mammals from hamsters and gerbils to degus and chinchillas – and even tenrecs. These wonderful little creatures can often suffer with their teeth, their diets and incorrect housing which may cause respiratory and other issues. They are also prey animals, which means they will conceal signs of illness for as long as possible, so it’s important to bring your pet in for a check if you see any changes in behaviour or condition. [Book an appointmentBook an appointment](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/appointments/) - Husbandry & diet advice - Set-up checks - Claw trims - Dental checks - Routine health checks - Pet health plans - Diagnostics – blood tests, x-rays, ultrasound scans, cytology, culture, histopathology - Dental x-rays, burring & extraction - Surgery – neutering, wound management, abdominal surgery etc. - Management of common conditions such as gut stasis, urinary problems, osteoarthritis etc. - Export health certificates ![Skylark Vets Small mammal vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/hamster-727293_1280-e1736528754949.jpg "hamster - Skylark Vets") ![Skylark Vets Small mammal vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/ferret-5805751_1280.jpg "ferret - Skylark Vets") ![Skylark Vets Gerbil Vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/gerbil-1434511_1280.jpg "gerbil - Skylark Vets") ![Skylark Vets Rodent Vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/animal-7717668_1280.jpg "animal-7717668_1280 - Skylark Vets") ![Skylark Vets Small mammal vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/degu-4436784_1280.jpg "degu-4436784_1280 - Skylark Vets") [### Health Plans for small mammals](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/pet-health-plans/) We have a specfic health plan for small mammals [Find out more!](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/pet-health-plans/) ## Reviews from small mammal owners > “Really appreciated the thorough examination my rat was given, and the complete treatment plan.” ![Pet rat](data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%27300%27%20height%3D%27225%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%20300%20225%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%27300%27%20height%3D%27225%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E)**Alice**, [VetHelpDirect review](https://vethelpdirect.com/skylark-vets-ltd-in-sevenoaks-2639#review-120) > “Charlotte and her team are marvellous with my Lesser Tenrecs. Whilst my pets are very small, the team take such an interest in them and always put their welfare first. They are a lovely, thoughtful team.” ![Exotic Tenrec](data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%27349%27%20height%3D%27296%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%20349%20296%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%27349%27%20height%3D%27296%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E)**Amanda**, [VetHelpDirect review](https://vethelpdirect.com/skylark-vets-ltd-in-sevenoaks-2639#review-120) > “Perhaps it is because cats do not live by human patterns, do not fit themselves into prescribed behavior, that they are so united to creative people.” ![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==)**Lenora Christensen**, Veterinary Nurse ### Small mammal vet articles you may find interesting - [ ![Skylark Vets Osteoarthritis in pets](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Old-dog.jpg "Old dog - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/03/03/osteoarthritis-in-pets/ "Osteoarthritis in pets") ### [Osteoarthritis in pets](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/03/03/osteoarthritis-in-pets/) Many pets are prone to osteoarthritis later on in life and it can often just be put down to 'old age' but there are lots of treatment options for it, so there is no need for your pet to struggle unnecessarily. [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/03/03/osteoarthritis-in-pets/) - [ ![Skylark Vets Ileus](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/rabbit-in-run.jpg "rabbit in run - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/12/ileus-gut-stasis/ "Ileus (gut stasis)") ### [Ileus (gut stasis)](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/12/ileus-gut-stasis/) Ileus or gut stasis is the term used to describe a condition where part of or all of the gastrointestinal tract ceases to move. It is very common in rabbits and guinea-pigs, both as a primary and a secondary condition. [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/12/ileus-gut-stasis/) - [ ![Skylark Vets Small mammal detistry](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/guinea-pig-with-hay.jpg "guinea pig with hay - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/12/dentistry-in-guinea-pigs-degus-and-chinchillas/ "Dentistry in guinea-pigs, degus and chinchillas") ### [Dentistry in guinea-pigs, degus and chinchillas](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/12/dentistry-in-guinea-pigs-degus-and-chinchillas/) Dental disease can have far-reaching effects on the overall health of small mammals so it's important to be aware of the symptoms and what you can do to minimise the chances. [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/12/dentistry-in-guinea-pigs-degus-and-chinchillas/) - [ ![Skylark Vets Toothbrush](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/toothbrush-e1739208184706.jpg "toothbrush - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/10/pet-dental-care/ "Pet dental care") ### [Pet dental care](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/10/pet-dental-care/) Pet dental care and oral health are key to keeping them happy and healthy. The right diet, water and enrichment can help, as can daily brushing (species-dependent!) [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/10/pet-dental-care/) - [ ![Skylark Vets White rat](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/rat-968160_1280-e1738088401357.jpg "rat - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/01/28/essentials-of-keeping-gerbils-mice-rats-and-hamsters/ "Essentials of keeping gerbils, mice, rats and hamsters") ### [Essentials of keeping gerbils, mice, rats and hamsters](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/01/28/essentials-of-keeping-gerbils-mice-rats-and-hamsters/) Essentials for keeping gerbils, mice, rats and hamsters happy and healthy - diet, housing, enrichment, company, exercise and care [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/01/28/essentials-of-keeping-gerbils-mice-rats-and-hamsters/) - [ ![Skylark Vets Healthy guinea-pigs](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/guinea-pig-208438_1280-e1738083829812.jpg "guinea-pig - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/01/28/rabbits-guineapigs-degus-chinchillas/ "Essentials of keeping rabbits, guinea-pigs, degus and chinchillas") ### [Essentials of keeping rabbits, guinea-pigs, degus and chinchillas](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/01/28/rabbits-guineapigs-degus-chinchillas/) Essentials of keeping rabbits, guinea-pigs, degus and chinchillas - housing, diet, enrichment, exercise and company [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/01/28/rabbits-guineapigs-degus-chinchillas/) - [ ![Skylark Vets](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Fly-agaric.jpg "Fly agaric - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/01/09/poisons-and-what-to-do/ "Poisons and what to do") ### [Poisons and what to do](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/01/09/poisons-and-what-to-do/) Signs and symptoms of poisoning, common toxins and what to do if you think your pet has been exposed to a poison [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/01/09/poisons-and-what-to-do/) - [ ![Skylark Vets](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/cracked.jpg "cracked - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2024/12/30/cracked-and-sore-skin/ "Cracked and sore skin") ### [Cracked and sore skin](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2024/12/30/cracked-and-sore-skin/) Reasons why your pet may be experiencing sore and cracked skin, and what to do [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2024/12/30/cracked-and-sore-skin/) 1[2](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/wp-cron.php/page/2/?doing_wp_cron=1786200596.4045310020446777343750)[Next](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/wp-cron.php/page/2/?doing_wp_cron=1786200596.4045310020446777343750) [Visit our Patient Library](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/expert-advice/) **Portfolio Categories:** Small mammals, Species --- ### [Reptiles & amphibians](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/reptile-vet/) **Published:** January 1, 2025 **Author:** admin **Content:** # Amphibian & reptile vet services Advice, care and medicine As a reptile vet, we know that reptiles and amphibians can make great pets, but it’s important to understand how they would live in nature so that you can make their life as comfortable as possible. That’s why, as well as treating sick reptiles, we are always happy to advise on matters such as housing, heating, humidity and diet as well as seeing your pet when it’s under the weather. [Book an appointmentBook an appointment](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/appointments/) - Husbandry & diet advice - Set-up checks - Pre- and post-brumation (hibernation) checks - Claw trims - Routine health checks - Pet health plans - Faecal worm egg counts - Routine parasite prevention - Microchipping - Diagnostics – blood tests, x-rays, ultrasound scans, cytology, culture, histopathology - Surgery – egg removal, coeliotomy, abscess removal etc. - Export health certificates ![Skylark Vets Reptile Vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/iguana-4662830_1280.jpg "Iguana - Skylark Vets") ![Skylark Vets Snake Vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/snake-7871877_1280-1.jpg "Snake - Skylark Vets") ![Skylark Vets Reptile Vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/gecko-5652518_1280-1.jpg "Gecko - Skylark Vets") ![Skylark Vets Reptile Vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/chameleon-233095_1280.jpg "chameleon - Skylark Vets") [### Health Plans for reptiles](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/pet-health-plans/) We have a specfic health plan for reptiles. [Find out more!](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/pet-health-plans/) ## Reptile vet reviews > “Very kind practice who cared for our snake without judgement after we mistakenly caused our pet an injury. They were very professional and our python is back to full health again.” ![Snake Vet](data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%27450%27%20height%3D%27600%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%20450%20600%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%27450%27%20height%3D%27600%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E)**MJ**, [VetHelpDirect review](https://vethelpdirect.com/skylark-vets-ltd-in-sevenoaks-2639#startofreviews) > “I have a red iguana, a panther chameleon, and two chinchillas. Finding a vet who has any knowledge or experience with these more exotic animals is really tough. I’m glad I’ll never have to spend the time looking for a decent vet again!” **Katie Janicek** > “Absolutely amazing service. I would recommend them hands down over anyone else. I needed an exotic vet to see my bearded dragon and they came the same day, very professional, very knowledgeable. These are now my go-to vets” ![Reptile Vet](data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%271130%27%20height%3D%27960%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%201130%20960%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%271130%27%20height%3D%27960%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E)**Jez Armstrong**, [Facebook review](https://www.facebook.com/skylarkvets/reviews) ### Reptile vet articles - [ ![Skylark Vets Toothbrush](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/toothbrush-e1739208184706.jpg "toothbrush - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/10/pet-dental-care/ "Pet dental care") ### [Pet dental care](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/10/pet-dental-care/) Pet dental care and oral health are key to keeping them happy and healthy. The right diet, water and enrichment can help, as can daily brushing (species-dependent!) [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/10/pet-dental-care/) - [ ![Skylark Vets Tortoise diets](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/tortoise-eating.jpg "tortoise eating - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/05/diets-for-tortoises-and-herbivorous-lizards/ "Diets for tortoises and herbivorous lizards") ### [Diets for tortoises and herbivorous lizards](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/05/diets-for-tortoises-and-herbivorous-lizards/) Tortoises and lizards come from all over the world and, as such, their diets vary from species to species. You should confirm what species your tortoise or lizard is before carefully researching a suitable diet for them. [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/05/diets-for-tortoises-and-herbivorous-lizards/) - [ ![Skylark Vets Bearded dragon diet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/bearded-dragon-diet.jpg "bearded-dragon diet - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/05/diet-information-for-bearded-dragons-other-omnivorous-reptiles/ "Diet information for bearded dragons & other omnivorous reptiles") ### [Diet information for bearded dragons & other omnivorous reptiles](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/05/diet-information-for-bearded-dragons-other-omnivorous-reptiles/) Reptiles come in all shapes and sizes and their diets are very specific to the species. It is very important that you correctly identify your species so that you can feed them correctly. [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/05/diet-information-for-bearded-dragons-other-omnivorous-reptiles/) - [ ![Skylark Vets Exotics Vet - terrapin](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/terrapin-1062097_1280.jpg "terrapin - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/01/28/essentials-of-keeping-terrapins-and-turtles/ "Essentials of keeping terrapins & turtles") ### [Essentials of keeping terrapins & turtles](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/01/28/essentials-of-keeping-terrapins-and-turtles/) All the basic information you need to have happy and healthy terrapins and turtles [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/01/28/essentials-of-keeping-terrapins-and-turtles/) - [ ![Skylark Vets Tortoise Vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/tortoise-4277518_1280.jpg "tortoise - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/01/28/essentials-of-keeping-tortoises/ "Essentials of keeping tortoises") ### [Essentials of keeping tortoises](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/01/28/essentials-of-keeping-tortoises/) All the things you need to consider for looking after your tortoise well [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/01/28/essentials-of-keeping-tortoises/) - [ ![Skylark Vets Reptile Vet Asian Water Monitor](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/asian-water-monitor-4892929_1280.jpg "asian-water-monitor - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/01/28/essentials-of-keeping-lizards/ "Essentials of keeping lizards") ### [Essentials of keeping lizards](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/01/28/essentials-of-keeping-lizards/) Everything you need to think about when looking after lizards [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/01/28/essentials-of-keeping-lizards/) - [ ![Skylark Vets Snake Vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/line-1401741_1280.jpg "snake - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/01/28/essentials-of-keeping-snakes/ "Essentials of keeping snakes") ### [Essentials of keeping snakes](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/01/28/essentials-of-keeping-snakes/) All the do's and don'ts of keeping snakes [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/01/28/essentials-of-keeping-snakes/) - [ ![Skylark Vets](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Fly-agaric.jpg "Fly agaric - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/01/09/poisons-and-what-to-do/ "Poisons and what to do") ### [Poisons and what to do](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/01/09/poisons-and-what-to-do/) Signs and symptoms of poisoning, common toxins and what to do if you think your pet has been exposed to a poison [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/01/09/poisons-and-what-to-do/) 1[2](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/wp-cron.php/page/2/?doing_wp_cron=1786200596.4045310020446777343750)[Next](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/wp-cron.php/page/2/?doing_wp_cron=1786200596.4045310020446777343750) [Visit our Patient Library](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/expert-advice/) **Portfolio Categories:** Reptiles & amphibians, Species --- ### [Guinea-pigs & rabbits](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/guinea-pig-vet-and-rabbit-vet/) **Published:** January 10, 2025 **Author:** admin **Excerpt:** Finding a guinea-pig vet or rabbit vet can be difficult, but at Skylark Vets we have many such visitors, and we offer many services designed especially for them. **Content:** # Guinea-pig & rabbit vet services Advice, care and medicine Finding a guinea-pig vet or a rabbit vet who knows about the particulars of these species can be difficult. At Skylark Vets, we see and treat many guinea-pigs and rabbits. These wonderful creatures can often suffer with their teeth, their diets and incorrect housing which can cause respiratory and other issues so we offer advice on all of these issues. Guinea-pigs and rabbits are both prey species and are designed to hide any signs of ill health until they cannot keep going any longer. If you notice any change in your pet, please bring them for a check-up as soon as possible. [Book an appointmentBook an appointment](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/appointments/) - Husbandry & diet advice - Set-up checks - Claw trims - Dental checks - Routine health checks - Pet health plans - Diagnostics – blood tests, x-rays, ultrasound scans, cytology, culture, histopathology - Dental x-rays, burring & dental extraction* - Surgery – neutering, wound management, abdominal surgery etc. - Management of common conditions such as gut stasis, urinary problems, osteoarthritis etc. - Export health certificates ![Skylark Vets Guinea-pig vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/StockCake-Guinea-Pigs-Feasting_1735756579.jpg "Guinea Pigs - Skylark Vets") ![Skylark Vets Rabbit Vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/rabbit-lettuce.jpg "rabbit eating lettuce - Skylark Vets") [### Health Plans for rabbits & guinea-pigs](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/pet-health-plans/) We have a specfic health plan for rabbits and guinea-pigs. [Find out more!](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/pet-health-plans/) ## Reviews from guinea-pig and rabbit owners > “Charlotte’s knowledge, especially for our rabbits, has been second to none.” **Alex**, [VetHelpDirect review](https://vethelpdirect.com/skylark-vets-ltd-in-sevenoaks-2639#review-120) > Marvellous Miss Moo was not blessed with the greatest luck when it came to her health but she was fortunate enough to have the ongoing support (clinical and emotional!) from the team at Skylark. We cannot thank Skylark enough for giving Miss Moo, the guinea-pig with nine lives, every chance possible. **Hanna** > “Skylark came to my house to vaccinate my two bunnies. Far less stressful for my bunnies and they were wonderful. Full health check completed! Very happy with the service.” **Tracey Weedon**, [Facebook review](https://www.facebook.com/skylarkvets/reviews) ### Guinea-pig and rabbit vet articles you may find interesting - [ ![Skylark Vets Osteoarthritis in pets](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Old-dog.jpg "Old dog - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/03/03/osteoarthritis-in-pets/ "Osteoarthritis in pets") ### [Osteoarthritis in pets](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/03/03/osteoarthritis-in-pets/) Many pets are prone to osteoarthritis later on in life and it can often just be put down to 'old age' but there are lots of treatment options for it, so there is no need for your pet to struggle unnecessarily. [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/03/03/osteoarthritis-in-pets/) - [ ![Skylark Vets Ileus](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/rabbit-in-run.jpg "rabbit in run - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/12/ileus-gut-stasis/ "Ileus (gut stasis)") ### [Ileus (gut stasis)](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/12/ileus-gut-stasis/) Ileus or gut stasis is the term used to describe a condition where part of or all of the gastrointestinal tract ceases to move. It is very common in rabbits and guinea-pigs, both as a primary and a secondary condition. [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/12/ileus-gut-stasis/) - [ ![Skylark Vets Small mammal detistry](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/guinea-pig-with-hay.jpg "guinea pig with hay - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/12/dentistry-in-guinea-pigs-degus-and-chinchillas/ "Dentistry in guinea-pigs, degus and chinchillas") ### [Dentistry in guinea-pigs, degus and chinchillas](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/12/dentistry-in-guinea-pigs-degus-and-chinchillas/) Dental disease can have far-reaching effects on the overall health of small mammals so it's important to be aware of the symptoms and what you can do to minimise the chances. [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/12/dentistry-in-guinea-pigs-degus-and-chinchillas/) - [ ![Skylark Vets Toothbrush](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/toothbrush-e1739208184706.jpg "toothbrush - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/10/pet-dental-care/ "Pet dental care") ### [Pet dental care](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/10/pet-dental-care/) Pet dental care and oral health are key to keeping them happy and healthy. The right diet, water and enrichment can help, as can daily brushing (species-dependent!) [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/10/pet-dental-care/) - [ ![Skylark Vets Lab testing](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Lab-testing-e1739111346874.jpg "Lab testing - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/09/lab-tests/ "Lab tests") ### [Lab tests](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/09/lab-tests/) We can conduct and analyse many lab test onsite, reducing the time you have to wait for results. Read more about different lab tests and how, why and when we use them. [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/09/lab-tests/) - [ ![Skylark Vets Exotic diagnostics](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/prsicilla-x-rays-CH-studying-them.jpg "Tortoise x-ray - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/09/diagnostic-imaging/ "Diagnostic imaging") ### [Diagnostic imaging](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/09/diagnostic-imaging/) When you have a sick pet, it may be that we suggest some diagnostic tests to try to confirm or rule out certain conditions. Diagnostic imaging is one of the options, depending on the case. [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/09/diagnostic-imaging/) - [ ![Skylark Vets Pet travel advice](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Globe.jpg "Globe - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/08/travelling-with-pets-outside-of-the-eu/ "Exporting your pet and travel outside of the EU") ### [Exporting your pet and travel outside of the EU](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/08/travelling-with-pets-outside-of-the-eu/) Tips for exporting your pet and travel outside of the EU - and how we can help. [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/08/travelling-with-pets-outside-of-the-eu/) - [ ![Skylark Vets Pet travel information](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Europe-pin-map.jpg "Europe pin map - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/08/animal-health-export-health-certificates/ "Animal Health & Export Health certificates") ### [Animal Health & Export Health certificates](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/08/animal-health-export-health-certificates/) How we can help with Animal Health Certificates, Export Health Certificates and Commercial exports [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/08/animal-health-export-health-certificates/) 1[2](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/wp-cron.php/page/2/?doing_wp_cron=1786200596.4045310020446777343750)[Next](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/wp-cron.php/page/2/?doing_wp_cron=1786200596.4045310020446777343750) [Visit our Patient Library](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/expert-advice/) **Portfolio Categories:** Small mammals, Species --- ### [Cats & dogs](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/cats-and-dogs/) **Published:** January 1, 2025 **Author:** admin **Excerpt:** Helping people care for their cats and dogs gives us great pleasure.  We know how much your pet means to you and we are very mindful of your bond with them.  **Content:** # Cat & dog vet services Advice, care and medicine Helping people care for their cats and dogs gives us great pleasure. We provide all the services you would expect from your vet and having our own diagnostic services we can often diagnose issues faster than other clinics. We know how much your pet means to you and we are very mindful of your bond with them. We treat your pet as we treat our own. [Book an appointmentBook an appointment](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/appointments/) - Husbandry & diet advice - Behaviour & training tips - Claw trims - Dental checks - Routine health checks - Pet health plans - Diagnostics – blood tests, x-rays, ultrasound scans, cytology, culture, histopathology, allergy testing - Dentistry - Management of common conditions including thyroid disease, osteoarthritis, pain, diabetes mellitus, skin conditions - Surgery – neutering, wound management, lump removal, abdominal surgery, airway widening etc. - Animal health certificates - Export health certificates ![Skylark Vets](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/cat-2528935_1280.jpg "cat-2528935_1280 - Skylark Vets") ![Skylark Vets](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/poodle-5320362_1280.jpg "poodle-5320362_1280 - Skylark Vets") ![Skylark Vets](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/cat-5727135_1280.jpg "cat-5727135_1280 - Skylark Vets") ![Skylark Vets](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/dog-2540086_1280.jpg "dog-2540086_1280 - Skylark Vets") ![Skylark Vets](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/cat-7152693_1280.jpg "cat-7152693_1280 - Skylark Vets") ![Skylark Vets](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/dog-4959827_1280.jpg "dog-4959827_1280 - Skylark Vets") [### Health Plans for cats & dogs](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/pet-health-plans/) We have specfic health plans for cats, kittens, dogs & puppies. [Find out more!](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/pet-health-plans/) ## Reviews from owners > “I have a very nervous, elderly cocker spaniel who has always been terrified of the vet so we decided to sign up with Skylark – and I cannot tell you how pleased I am with their service. Benji and I are much happier!” ![](data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%27300%27%20height%3D%27400%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%20300%20400%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%27300%27%20height%3D%27400%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E)**Bonnie**, [VetHelpDirect review](https://vethelpdirect.com/skylark-vets-ltd-in-sevenoaks-2639#review-120) > “We are completely indebted to Skylark Vets and the dignity and care they gave our cat Daisy in her last moments. She was a much loved member of the family but highly stressed by cat carriers and visit to the vets so having the team visit us at home made everything so much calmer for her. The advice and kindness they showed us, reassuring us we were making the right decision, meant so much.. We only have praise for their professionalism and kindness.” **Thom Freeman**, [VetHelpDirect review](https://vethelpdirect.com/skylark-vets-ltd-in-sevenoaks-2639#review-120) > “Pebbles is a rescue cat and very afraid of changes but I was delighted when she came back from her treatment she settled down straight away and was very happy. Would use them every time..” ![](data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%27300%27%20height%3D%27225%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%20300%20225%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%27300%27%20height%3D%27225%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E)**Sylvia Madden**, [VetHelp review](https://vethelpdirect.com/skylark-vets-ltd-in-sevenoaks-2639#review-120) ### Articles you may find interesting - [ ![Skylark Vets Cushings dog](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Yorkie-e1741276884698.jpg "Yorkie - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/03/06/hac-cushings-disease-in-dogs/ "Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s Disease) in dogs") ### [Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s Disease) in dogs](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/03/06/hac-cushings-disease-in-dogs/) Cushing's Disease, or hyperadrenocorticism (HAC), is caused by a hormone imbalance, either because of a problem with the pituitary (most commonly) or adrenal glands. [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/03/06/hac-cushings-disease-in-dogs/) - [ ![Skylark Vets Osteoarthritis in pets](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Old-dog.jpg "Old dog - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/03/03/osteoarthritis-in-pets/ "Osteoarthritis in pets") ### [Osteoarthritis in pets](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/03/03/osteoarthritis-in-pets/) Many pets are prone to osteoarthritis later on in life and it can often just be put down to 'old age' but there are lots of treatment options for it, so there is no need for your pet to struggle unnecessarily. [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/03/03/osteoarthritis-in-pets/) - [ ![Skylark Vets Brushing pet teeth](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Brushing-teeth-video-cover.jpg "Brushing teeth video cover - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/12/how-to-brush-your-pets-teeth-video/ "How to brush your pet’s teeth (video)") ### [How to brush your pet’s teeth (video)](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/12/how-to-brush-your-pets-teeth-video/) In this video, vet Charlotte gives a practical demonstration of how to brush your pet's teeth. [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/12/how-to-brush-your-pets-teeth-video/) - [ ![Skylark Vets Tooth brushing pets](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Brush-teeth.jpg "Brush teeth - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/12/brushing-your-pets-teeth/ "Brushing your pet’s teeth") ### [Brushing your pet’s teeth](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/12/brushing-your-pets-teeth/) Why brushing it's important to brush your pet's teeth, and how to go about it [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/12/brushing-your-pets-teeth/) - [ ![Skylark Vets Toothbrush](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/toothbrush-e1739208184706.jpg "toothbrush - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/10/pet-dental-care/ "Pet dental care") ### [Pet dental care](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/10/pet-dental-care/) Pet dental care and oral health are key to keeping them happy and healthy. The right diet, water and enrichment can help, as can daily brushing (species-dependent!) [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/10/pet-dental-care/) - [ ![Skylark Vets Lab testing](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Lab-testing-e1739111346874.jpg "Lab testing - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/09/lab-tests/ "Lab tests") ### [Lab tests](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/09/lab-tests/) We can conduct and analyse many lab test onsite, reducing the time you have to wait for results. Read more about different lab tests and how, why and when we use them. [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/09/lab-tests/) - [ ![Skylark Vets Exotic diagnostics](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/prsicilla-x-rays-CH-studying-them.jpg "Tortoise x-ray - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/09/diagnostic-imaging/ "Diagnostic imaging") ### [Diagnostic imaging](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/09/diagnostic-imaging/) When you have a sick pet, it may be that we suggest some diagnostic tests to try to confirm or rule out certain conditions. Diagnostic imaging is one of the options, depending on the case. [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/09/diagnostic-imaging/) - [ ![Skylark Vets Pet travel information](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/cat-in-suitcase.jpg "Cat in suitcase - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/08/travelling-with-your-pet/ "Travelling with your pet") ### [Travelling with your pet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/08/travelling-with-your-pet/) If you're planning to take your pet abroad, you need to be well prepared. [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/08/travelling-with-your-pet/) 1[2](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/wp-cron.php/page/2/?doing_wp_cron=1786200596.4045310020446777343750)[Next](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/wp-cron.php/page/2/?doing_wp_cron=1786200596.4045310020446777343750) [Visit our Patient Library](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/expert-advice/) **Portfolio Categories:** Cats & dogs, Species --- ### [Birds](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/avian-vet/) **Published:** January 1, 2025 **Author:** admin **Excerpt:** Avian vet services for all kinds of birds: treatment and advice on chickens, ducks, parrots, birds of prey - we love them all! Edenbridge & mobile service. **Content:** # Avian vet services Advice, care and medicine Birds are somewhat of a favourite here at Skylark Vets. We treat all kinds – from poultry and parrots to birds of prey. Birds’ varied backgrounds mean that there are many different considerations for ensuring their health and welfare. We are happy, therefore, to advise on diet, housing, husbandry and everything that will support your avian pet’s wellbeing and happiness. We are a respected first-opinion avian vet and are recommended by the British Hen Welfare Trust. [Book an appointmentBook an appointment](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/appointments/) - Husbandry & diet advice - Set-up checks - Hormone implant placement - Reproductive cycle & reproductive behaviour management - Feather plucking work-up & advice - Beak & claw trims - Routine health checks - Pet health plans - Back yard poultry & waterfowl routine checks - Microchipping - Bandaging and management of pododermatitis (bumble foot) - Diagnostics – blood tests, x-rays, ultrasound scans, cytology, culture, histopathology - Surgery – egg removal, coeliotomy, oral surgery, sinus flush etc. - Export health certificates ![Skylark Vets Avian Vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/parrot-e1739376665862.jpg "Macaw in aviary - Skylark Vets") ![Skylark Vets Bird of Prey Vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Jacko-kestrel.jpeg "Jacko kestrel - Skylark Vets") ![Skylark Vets Poultry Vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Hens-scaled.jpg "Hens free-ranging - Skylark Vets") ![Skylark Vets Bird vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Parakeets-scaled.jpg "Budgerigars - Skylark Vets") ![Skylark Vets Poultry Vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/goose-3996962_1280.jpg "Goose - Skylark Vets") [### Health Plans for birds](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/pet-health-plans/) We have a specfic health plan for birds. [Find out more!](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/pet-health-plans/) ## Reviews from bird owners > “Top tier knowledge in avian medicine and treat all creatures with such kindness and professionalism” **Dr Tiffani Rees**, [VetHelpDirect review](https://vethelpdirect.com/skylark-vets-ltd-in-sevenoaks-2639#review-70) > “Enormous help with my budgie who appears to be working his way through the Avian Medical Encyclopedia.” **PC**, [VetHelpDirect review](https://vethelpdirect.com/skylark-vets-ltd-in-sevenoaks-2639#review-70) > “My parrot is very scared of being handled. Charlotte is so good with her and always stays calm and gentle. The checkup is very thorough, checking diet and daily routines as well as performing medical checks.” ![Bird Vet](data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%27450%27%20height%3D%27600%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%20450%20600%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%27450%27%20height%3D%27600%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E)**J Langridge**, [VetHelpDirect review](https://vethelpdirect.com/skylark-vets-ltd-in-sevenoaks-2639#review-70) ### Avian vet articles you may find interesting - [ ![Skylark Vets Pet travel information](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Europe-pin-map.jpg "Europe pin map - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/08/animal-health-export-health-certificates/ "Animal Health & Export Health certificates") ### [Animal Health & Export Health certificates](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/08/animal-health-export-health-certificates/) How we can help with Animal Health Certificates, Export Health Certificates and Commercial exports [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/08/animal-health-export-health-certificates/) - [ ![Skylark Vets](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Macaw-scaled.jpg "Macaw - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2024/12/18/aspergillosis/ "Aspergillosis") ### [Aspergillosis](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2024/12/18/aspergillosis/) Any bird may be affected by Aspergillus species, but it is most commonly associated with birds of prey and with parrot species that are taking a seed-based diet. [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2024/12/18/aspergillosis/) - [ ![Skylark Vets Blood cells plasma](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/plasma-2753321_1280.jpg "plasma - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2024/12/30/broken-blood-feathers-and-bleeding-nails/ "Broken blood feathers and bleeding nails") ### [Broken blood feathers and bleeding nails](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2024/12/30/broken-blood-feathers-and-bleeding-nails/) Advice for dealing with bleeding blood feathers, which also applies to bleeding nails [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2024/12/30/broken-blood-feathers-and-bleeding-nails/) - [ ![Skylark Vets Poultry Vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Hens-scaled.jpg "Hens free-ranging - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2024/12/18/candidiasis/ "Candidiasis") ### [Candidiasis](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2024/12/18/candidiasis/) C. albicans can be a primary gastrointestinal pathogen, especially in finches, but it is more frequently secondary to another problem. [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2024/12/18/candidiasis/) - [ ![Skylark Vets](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Honey-cat-insulin-e1734545913111.jpg "Honey cat insulin - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2024/12/18/diabetes-mellitus/ "Diabetes") ### [Diabetes](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2024/12/18/diabetes-mellitus/) Diabetes mellitus is an extremely common condition in cats, people and various other species – it can affect dogs, rodents, birds and many more. [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2024/12/18/diabetes-mellitus/) - [ ![Skylark Vets Bird Vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/cockatiel-4794968_1280.jpg "cockatiel - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/01/28/essentials-of-keeping-birds/ "Essentials of keeping birds") ### [Essentials of keeping birds](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/01/28/essentials-of-keeping-birds/) Key things you need to know when keeping birds as pets - housing, enrichment, diets, exercise, environment, toxins, light and more [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/01/28/essentials-of-keeping-birds/) - [ ![Skylark Vets Pet travel advice](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Globe.jpg "Globe - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/08/travelling-with-pets-outside-of-the-eu/ "Exporting your pet and travel outside of the EU") ### [Exporting your pet and travel outside of the EU](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/08/travelling-with-pets-outside-of-the-eu/) Tips for exporting your pet and travel outside of the EU - and how we can help. [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/08/travelling-with-pets-outside-of-the-eu/) - [ ![Skylark Vets Eye flushing](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/drop-545377_1280.jpg "drop - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2024/12/30/eye-flushing/ "Eye flushing") ### [Eye flushing](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2024/12/30/eye-flushing/) For most eye injuries, it is recommended that you seek veterinary care as even minor injuries can lead to loss of vision. However, there are steps you can carry out at home to provide first aid or treat simple problems (such as dirt in the eyes). [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2024/12/30/eye-flushing/) 1[2](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/wp-cron.php/page/2/?doing_wp_cron=1786200596.4045310020446777343750)[Next](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/wp-cron.php/page/2/?doing_wp_cron=1786200596.4045310020446777343750) [Visit our Patient Library](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/expert-advice/) **Portfolio Categories:** Birds, Species --- ### [Travel services](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/pet-travel-services/) **Published:** November 7, 2016 **Author:** admin **Excerpt:** With our pet travel services, we can help you get your pet to another country - whether for a holiday or if you're planning to emigrate. We can also help with commercial exports. **Content:** # Pet travel services We can help you get your pet to another country – whether for a holiday or if you’re planning to emigrate. We can also help with commercial exports. Our travel services include: - Animal Health Certificates - Export Health Certificates - Commercial exports - Vaccinations [Book an appointment](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/appointments/) ![Skylark Vets](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/labrador-7392840-scaled.jpg "labrador-7392840 - Skylark Vets") > “Charlotte helped us sort all paperwork before travelling abroad. Would definitely recommend!” ![](data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%27600%27%20height%3D%27600%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%20600%20600%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%27600%27%20height%3D%27600%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E)**Jo**, [VetHelp Direct review](https://vethelpdirect.com/skylark-vets-ltd-in-sevenoaks-2639#review-120) ### Useful travel information - [ ![Skylark Vets Pet travel information](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/cat-in-suitcase.jpg "Cat in suitcase - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/08/travelling-with-your-pet/ "Travelling with your pet") ### [Travelling with your pet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/08/travelling-with-your-pet/) If you're planning to take your pet abroad, you need to be well prepared. [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/08/travelling-with-your-pet/) - [ ![Skylark Vets Pet travel advice](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Globe.jpg "Globe - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/08/travelling-with-pets-outside-of-the-eu/ "Exporting your pet and travel outside of the EU") ### [Exporting your pet and travel outside of the EU](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/08/travelling-with-pets-outside-of-the-eu/) Tips for exporting your pet and travel outside of the EU - and how we can help. [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/08/travelling-with-pets-outside-of-the-eu/) - [ ![Skylark Vets Pet travel information](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Europe-pin-map.jpg "Europe pin map - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/08/animal-health-export-health-certificates/ "Animal Health & Export Health certificates") ### [Animal Health & Export Health certificates](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/08/animal-health-export-health-certificates/) How we can help with Animal Health Certificates, Export Health Certificates and Commercial exports [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/08/animal-health-export-health-certificates/) - [ ![Skylark Vets Pet travel EU](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Dog-on-holiday-mountain.jpg "Dog on holiday mountain - Skylark Vets") ](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/08/pet-travel-to-europe-and-northern-ireland/ "Pet travel to Europe and Northern Ireland") ### [Pet travel to Europe and Northern Ireland](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/08/pet-travel-to-europe-and-northern-ireland/) Pet passport or Animal Health Certificate? It's complicated. [read more](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/2025/02/08/pet-travel-to-europe-and-northern-ireland/) ### ### Other services you may be interested in: - ![Skylark Vets Skylark Vet nurses treating a cockatiel](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Lily-Grace-and-Chewy.jpg "Lily Grace and Chewy - Skylark Vets") [Routine & surgical services](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/vetservices/) [](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/vetservices/) ##### [Routine & surgical services](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/vetservices/) - ![Skylark Vets Mobile vet service - pet ambulance for home visits](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Mobile-Vet-Ambulance.jpg "Animal ambulance - Skylark Vets") [Mobile vet service](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/mobile-vet/) [](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/mobile-vet/) ##### [Mobile vet service](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/mobile-vet/) - ![Skylark Vets Pet Health Plans](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Pet-health-plans.jpg "Pet health plans - Skylark Vets") [Pet Health Plans](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/pet-health-plans/) [](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/pet-health-plans/) ##### [Pet Health Plans](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/pet-health-plans/) ### Species-specific services - ![Skylark Vets Guinea-pig vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/StockCake-Guinea-Pigs-Feasting_1735756579.jpg "Guinea Pigs - Skylark Vets") [Guinea-pigs & rabbits](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/guinea-pig-vet-and-rabbit-vet/) [](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/guinea-pig-vet-and-rabbit-vet/) ##### [Guinea-pigs & rabbits](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/guinea-pig-vet-and-rabbit-vet/) - ![Skylark Vets Reptile Vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/StockCake-Tortoise-Eating-Greens_1735748407.jpg "Tortoise eating greens - Skylark Vets") [Tortoises, terrapins & turtles](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/chelonia-tortoises-and-turtles/) [](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/chelonia-tortoises-and-turtles/) ##### [Tortoises, terrapins & turtles](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/chelonia-tortoises-and-turtles/) - ![Skylark Vets Dog and cat](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Dog-and-cat.jpg "Dog and cat - Skylark Vets") [Cats & dogs](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/cats-and-dogs/) [](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/cats-and-dogs/) ##### [Cats & dogs](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/cats-and-dogs/) - ![Skylark Vets Small mammal vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/hamster-727293_1280-e1736528754949.jpg "hamster - Skylark Vets") [Small mammals](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/small-mammal-vet/) [](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/small-mammal-vet/) ##### [Small mammals](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/small-mammal-vet/) - ![Skylark Vets Avian Vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/parrot-e1739376665862.jpg "Macaw in aviary - Skylark Vets") [Birds](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/avian-vet/) [](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/avian-vet/) ##### [Birds](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/avian-vet/) - ![Skylark Vets Reptile Vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/iguana-4662830_1280.jpg "Iguana - Skylark Vets") [Reptiles & amphibians](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/reptile-vet/) [](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/reptile-vet/) ##### [Reptiles & amphibians](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio-items/reptile-vet/) **Portfolio Categories:** Services, Travel Services --- ## Categories ### [Reptiles & amphibians](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/category/reptilesandamphibians/) --- ### [Birds](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/category/birds/) **Description:** All about birds and avian care --- ### [Diets](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/category/diets/) --- ### [Cats](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/category/cats/) --- ### [Small mammals](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/category/smallmammals/) --- ### [Husbandry](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/category/husbandry/) --- ### [Housing](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/category/housing/) --- ### [First aid at home](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/category/first-aid-at-home/) --- ### [Post-operative care at home](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/category/post-operative-care-at-home/) --- ### [Pre-operative care at home](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/category/pre-operative-care-at-home/) --- ### [Stressors and threats](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/category/stressors-and-threats/) --- ### [Poisons & toxins](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/category/poisons-and-toxins/) --- ### [Travel advice](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/category/travel-advice/) --- ### [Injuries](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/category/injuries/) --- ### [Guinea-pigs](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/category/guinea-pigs/) --- ### [Diseases](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/category/diseases/) --- ### [Tortoises, terrapins & turtles](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/category/tortoises/) --- ### [Ferrets](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/category/ferrets/) --- ### [Rabbits](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/category/rabbits/) --- ### [Rodents](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/category/rodents/) --- ### [Dogs](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/category/dogs/) --- ### [Euthanasia](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/category/euthanasia/) --- ### [Services](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/category/services/) --- ### [Surgery](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/category/surgery/) --- ### [Dental](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/category/dental/) --- ## Tags ### [Herpes](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/herpes/) --- ### [Terrapins](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/terrapins/) --- ### [Turtles](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/turtles/) --- ### [Virus](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/virus/) --- ### [Bearded dragon](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/bearded-dragon/) --- ### [Chameleon](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/chameleon/) --- ### [Monitor](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/monitor/) --- ### [Snakes](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/snakes/) --- ### [Thrush](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/thrush/) --- ### [zoonotic](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/zoonotic/) --- ### [hypothyroidism](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/hypothyroidism/) --- ### [diabetes](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/diabetes/) --- ### [hibernation](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/hibernation/) --- ### [Brumation](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/brumation/) --- ### [burns](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/burns/) --- ### [blood feathers](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/blood-feathers/) --- ### [claws](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/claws/) --- ### [nails](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/nails/) --- ### [bleeding](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/bleeding/) --- ### [UV light](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/uv-light/) --- ### [water](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/water/) --- ### [enrichment](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/enrichment/) --- ### [exercise](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/exercise/) --- ### [diet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/diet/) --- ### [toxins](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/toxins/) --- ### [heating](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/heating/) --- ### [predators](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/predators/) --- ### [heat lamp](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/heat-lamp/) --- ### [hygiene](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/hygiene/) --- ### [bed](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/bed/) --- ### [microchip](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/microchip/) --- ### [travel](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/travel/) --- ### [vaccinations](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/vaccinations/) --- ### [teeth](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/teeth/) --- ### [behaviour](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/behaviour/) --- ### [food](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/food/) --- ### [housing](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/housing/) --- ### [Vitamin C](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/vitamin-c/) --- ### [grass](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/grass/) --- ### [hay](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/hay/) --- ### [mixing species](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/mixing-species/) --- ### [sand bath](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/sand-bath/) --- ### [vitamins](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/vitamins/) --- ### [minerals](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/minerals/) --- ### [ventilation](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/ventilation/) --- ### [temperature](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/temperature/) --- ### [calcium](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/calcium/) --- ### [vivarium](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/vivarium/) --- ### [enclosure](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/enclosure/) --- ### [substrates](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/substrates/) --- ### [lighting](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/lighting/) --- ### [humidity](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/humidity/) --- ### [iguana](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/iguana/) --- ### [foraging](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/foraging/) --- ### [hotspot](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/hotspot/) --- ### [blindness](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/blindness/) --- ### [hygrometers](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/hygrometers/) --- ### [sphagnum moss](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/sphagnum-moss/) --- ### [healthcare](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/healthcare/) --- ### [infra-red light](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/infra-red-light/) --- ### [shedding](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/shedding/) --- ### [symptoms](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/symptoms/) --- ### [poisoning](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/poisoning/) --- ### [vomiting](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/vomiting/) --- ### [ingestion](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/ingestion/) --- ### [absorption](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/absorption/) --- ### [injection](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/injection/) --- ### [inhalation](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/inhalation/) --- ### [birds](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/birds/) --- ### [first aid](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/first-aid/) --- ### [seeds](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/seeds/) --- ### [pellets](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/pellets/) --- ### [fruit](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/fruit/) --- ### [vegetables](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/vegetables/) --- ### [carbohydrates](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/carbohydrates/) --- ### [toxic foods](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/toxic-foods/) --- ### [UV lighting](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/uv-lighting/) --- ### [vitamin D](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/vitamin-d/) --- ### [underlying conditions](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/underlying-conditions/) --- ### [parasites](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/parasites/) --- ### [trauma](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/trauma/) --- ### [buster collar](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/buster-collar/) --- ### [emollient](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/emollient/) --- ### [debris](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/debris/) --- ### [cuts](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/cuts/) --- ### [grazes](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/grazes/) --- ### [dressings](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/dressings/) --- ### [infection](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/infection/) --- ### [saline](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/saline/) --- ### [salt water](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/salt-water/) --- ### [bandage](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/bandage/) --- ### [swelling](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/swelling/) --- ### [heat lamps](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/heat-lamps/) --- ### [sunburn](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/sunburn/) --- ### [compress](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/compress/) --- ### [aloe vera](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/aloe-vera/) --- ### [blisters](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/blisters/) --- ### [cling film](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/cling-film/) --- ### [chemical burns](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/chemical-burns/) --- ### [eyes](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/eyes/) --- ### [vision](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/vision/) --- ### [foreign bodies](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/foreign-bodies/) --- ### [blinking](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/blinking/) --- ### [bright lights](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/bright-lights/) --- ### [redness](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/redness/) --- ### [eye bath](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/eye-bath/) --- ### [chemical contact](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/chemical-contact/) --- ### [discharge](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/discharge/) --- ### [injury](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/injury/) --- ### [grass seeds](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/grass-seeds/) --- ### [pus](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/pus/) --- ### [swellin](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/swellin/) --- ### [heat](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/heat/) --- ### [foreign body](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/foreign-body/) --- ### [tape](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/tape/) --- ### [paw](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/paw/) --- ### [rodents](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/rodents/) --- ### [dogs](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/dogs/) --- ### [cats](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/cats/) --- ### [urine](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/urine/) --- ### [diagnosis](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/diagnosis/) --- ### [hyperglycaemia](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/hyperglycaemia/) --- ### [glucose](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/glucose/) --- ### [diabetic](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/diabetic/) --- ### [kidneys](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/kidneys/) --- ### [pear drops](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/pear-drops/) --- ### [pancreas](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/pancreas/) --- ### [insulin](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/insulin/) --- ### [weight](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/weight/) --- ### [hypoglycaemia](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/hypoglycaemia/) --- ### [blood sugar](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/blood-sugar/) --- ### [thryoid](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/thryoid/) --- ### [hormone](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/hormone/) --- ### [alopecia](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/alopecia/) --- ### [skin](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/skin/) --- ### [lethargy](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/lethargy/) --- ### [cold](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/cold/) --- ### [weakness](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/weakness/) --- ### [coat](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/coat/) --- ### [hair](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/hair/) --- ### [bird of prey](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/bird-of-prey/) --- ### [parrot](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/parrot/) --- ### [yeast](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/yeast/) --- ### [damp](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/damp/) --- ### [fungal](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/fungal/) --- ### [infectious](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/infectious/) --- ### [seed-based diet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/seed-based-diet/) --- ### [clinical signs](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/clinical-signs/) --- ### [beathing](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/beathing/) --- ### [wings](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/wings/) --- ### [depressed](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/depressed/) --- ### [immunosuppressed](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/immunosuppressed/) --- ### [treatment](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/treatment/) --- ### [endoscopy](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/endoscopy/) --- ### [nebulization](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/nebulization/) --- ### [anti-fungal](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/anti-fungal/) --- ### [vitamin A](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/vitamin-a/) --- ### [secondary](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/secondary/) --- ### [gastrointestinal flora](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/gastrointestinal-flora/) --- ### [stress](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/stress/) --- ### [brooders](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/brooders/) --- ### [pro-biotics](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/pro-biotics/) --- ### [head-flicking](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/head-flicking/) --- ### [ornithosis](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/ornithosis/) --- ### [chlamydiosis](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/chlamydiosis/) --- ### [chlamydophilosis](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/chlamydophilosis/) --- ### [pneumonia](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/pneumonia/) --- ### [risk to humans](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/risk-to-humans/) --- ### [acute infection](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/acute-infection/) --- ### [sub-acute infection](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/sub-acute-infection/) --- ### [chronic infection](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/chronic-infection/) --- ### [latent infection](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/latent-infection/) --- ### [budgerigars](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/budgerigars/) --- ### [parakeets](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/parakeets/) --- ### [carriers](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/carriers/) --- ### [transmission](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/transmission/) --- ### [fomites](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/fomites/) --- ### [faeces](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/faeces/) --- ### [anorexia](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/anorexia/) --- ### [diarrhoea](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/diarrhoea/) --- ### [emaciation](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/emaciation/) --- ### [dehydration](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/dehydration/) --- ### [respiratory](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/respiratory/) --- ### [regurgitation](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/regurgitation/) --- ### [crop wash](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/crop-wash/) --- ### [Rankin dragon](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/rankin-dragon/) --- ### [Kingsnakes](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/kingsnakes/) --- ### [serpentines](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/serpentines/) --- ### [rosy boas](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/rosy-boas/) --- ### [DNA virus](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/dna-virus/) --- ### [secretions](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/secretions/) --- ### [mucus](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/mucus/) --- ### [tortoises](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/tortoises/) --- ### [ulceration](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/ulceration/) --- ### [nerves](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/nerves/) --- ### [oedema](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/oedema/) --- ### [venom glands](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/venom-glands/) --- ### [acyclovir](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/acyclovir/) --- ### [prognosis](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/prognosis/) --- ### [litter trays](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/litter-trays/) --- ### [ferrets](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/ferrets/) --- ### [protein](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/protein/) --- ### [raw diets](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/raw-diets/) --- ### [obesity](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/obesity/) --- ### [energy](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/energy/) --- ### [fibre](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/fibre/) --- ### [proetein](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/proetein/) --- ### [chinchilla](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/chinchilla/) --- ### [degu](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/degu/) --- ### [malocclusion](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/malocclusion/) --- ### [gnawing](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/tag/gnawing/) --- ## Portfolio Categories ### [Health Plans](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio_category/healthplans/) --- ### [Services](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio_category/services/) --- ### [Species](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio_category/species/) --- ### [Reptiles & amphibians](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio_category/reptilesandamphibians/) --- ### [Small mammals](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio_category/small-mammals/) --- ### [Cats & dogs](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio_category/cats-and-dogs/) --- ### [Birds](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio_category/birds/) --- ### [Staff](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio_category/staff/) --- ### [Vet and Director](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio_category/vet-and-director/) --- ### [Receptionist](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio_category/receptionist/) --- ### [Administrative Support & Receptionist](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio_category/administrative-support-receptionist/) --- ### [Mobile Service](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio_category/mobile-service/) --- ### [Travel Services](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio_category/travelservices/) --- ### [Routine Services](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio_category/routineservices/) --- ### [Marketing](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio_category/marketing/) --- ## Portfolio Tags ### [Vet](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio_tags/vet/) --- ### [Vet nurse](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio_tags/vet-nurse/) --- ### [Receptionist](https://www.skylarkvets.co.uk/index.php/portfolio_tags/receptionist/) ---